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CIHM/ICMH 

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Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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to 


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po 
of 
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y 


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D 
D 


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Ori 
be 
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oti 
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or 


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dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
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illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

1 


SPECIAL  JIKPORT 


OK 


NEW  YORK  STATE  SURVEY 


ON  TUB 


PRESERYATIOJN^  OF  THE  SCENERY 


op 


NIAGAiiA    FALLS, 


AND 


FOURTH  ANNUAL  REPORT  ON 


THE  TRIANGULATION  OF  THE  STATE. 


FOR  THE  YEAR  1879. 


JAMES  T.  GARDNER,  Director. 


ALBANY : 

CHARLES  VAN  Itl^NTHUYSEN  &  SONS. 

1880. 


T^ 


4^b09 


> 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK, 


No.  37. 


i& 


IN   SENATE, 


March  22,  1880, 


< 


FOURTH  REPOKT 

OF  TIIF  HOARD  OF  (^OMMISSFONFRS  OF  THE  ST \TE 
SURVEY,  AM)  REl'ORTOF  THE  DHiECTOR,  FOR  THE 
YEAR    187U. 

Ori'-JCK  OF  vuE  T3o.Mir>  of  CoMMrssioxKiis  of  thf,  ) 
Statf  Sijuvkv,  Ali'.any,  Marc/i  22,  1880.        ^ 

To  the  honorahh 

the  Ld'jLslutitre 

of  the  State  of  Kew  York  : 

I  li.'ivo  tlio  honor  lo  tran.smit  a  Special  Ropoil  of  the  Coininis- 
sioiiciH  of  (ho  Stato  Survey,  on  the  Preservation  of  the  Scenery 
around  Xiai-ara  Falls,  in  accordance  with  a  concurrent  resolution  of 
the  Legislature  of  May  li>,  1871),  and  the  Fourth  Report  of  tlio 
Board,  containing  (heir  [)roceedinuf.s  (hiring  the  year  1S7J»,  as  required 
by  the  statutes  organizing  the  said  Roard. 

I  remain,  very  respceifidiy, 

Your  ohodieut  servant, 

HORATIO  SEYxMOUR, 

President  of  the  Board. 


-U.  «»,>i»I.TO^.<it«iSff 


^^^^-^!^(^^'?fw'^^ 


CON  TENTS. 


Part  I. 

T     ii  »  i  .      .  PAOB. 

Lietter  of  transfiussion  to  the  Lej>'islature 3 

Special  report  of  the  Commissioners  on  the  Pi-eservation  of  tlie  Scenery  around 

Niagara  Falls » 

Report  of  th.>  F)i.-ector  on  the  Plan  for  a  proposed  State  Reservation  at  Niagara.  19 

Notes  by  Frwlerick  Law  Ohnsted 27 

Fath<M-  Hennepin's  descrii.tion  of  Niagara;  facsimile  of  the  first  London  edi- 

tioi: 

Memorial  to  the  (xovernor  of  the  State 31 

Extract  from  the  Message  of  (Jov.  Robinson,  1879 4I 

Part  II. 

Annual  Report  of  tlie  Conunissioners  on  the  Triangiilation  of  the  State 45 

Detailed  statement  of  expenditures  for  the  year  1879 45 

Report  of  the  Director  on  the  progress  of  the  triangulation 49 

Explanation  of  tables p- 

Table  ofi.reliniinary  geographical  i.ositions  of  State  Survey  monuments  and 

prominent  landmarks ^-o 

Table  of  geogi-a{)liical  positions  of  county-line  stations  and  monuments 81 

S{)ecial   table  of  geographical  positions  of  State  Survey  stations  and  monu- 
ments, along  the  Hudson  i-iver,  from  Albany  to  New  Baltimore 83 

Table  of  g("ograplii(,-al  positions  of  lot  corners  of  the  old  rectangular  surveys..  92 

Table  of  elevations  of  prominent  points 04 

Table  of  declination  of  magnetic  needle  at  various  points gg 


|^^i'i£%'as^{^>ii&^'iM 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS  AND  MAPS. 


Part  I. 

Plate        I.     Ideal  view  of  the  Ainei-ican  Rapids,  after  tlie  Villajre  Shore  and  Bath 
Island  are  restoied.  accdrdiii^'  to  the  jiropostMl  plan. 

Drawn  bvFraiici.s  T/athi-oj)  and  i-iigravcii  l>v  Mr   Marsh. 

Plate      II.     General  view  of  Niaj,''arji  Falls  and  Goat  Island IIeliotyi)e  print. 

Plato     III.     The  American  Falls  and  Prospect  Park  Shore IIeliotyi)e  print. 

Plates'showiiiff  the  Banks  or  Shores  of  the  River  caround  the  American 
Falls,  distifj'ured  by  constructions. 

Plate      IV.     The  Villag-e  Shore,  just  above  the  American  Falls....    Ileliotype  print. 

Plate       V.     Village  Shore  of  the  Upper  American  Riipids Ileliotype  print. 

Plate      VI.     Bath  Island,  in  the  American  Rapids Ileliotype  jjriiit. 

Plate    VII.     Lower   American   Rajiids,    Bath    Island  Paj)er  Mill  and   Goat   Island 
Bridge Ileliotype  print. 

Plate  VIII.     Repulsive  scenery  surrounding  the  visitor  approa(-hing  Goat  Island 
Bridge  for  tirst  view  of  the  Rapids Ileliotype  print. 

Plates  showing  the  jiart  of  the  Banks  of  the  American  Rapids  which 
still  remain  in  natural  condition. 

Plate      IX.     Upper  Amei-ican  Rapids  and  Goat  Island  Shore  " Ileliotype  print. 

Plate       X.     View  in  the  primeval  woods,  on  Goat  Island. 

Diawn  by  Thos.  Moran  ;  engraved  by  Mr.  Karst. 
View  showing  the  Disfigurement  of  the  Canadian  Siiore. 
Plate     XI.     Brink  of  Horse  Shoe  Falls  and  Canadian  Shore,  seen  from  Goat  Island. 

Ileliotype  print. 
Plate  accompanying  Father  Hennepin's  Description. 
Facsimile  of  the  tiist  picture  of  Niagara  Frills  :  published  in  1G118. 

Photo-lithograph  from  the  original. 

Maps. 

Map  showing  the  recession  of  Niagara  Falls. 

Topographical  Map  of  the  region  about  Niagara  Falls,  showing  the  proposed  State 
Reservation. 

Part  of  the  Official  Pi-operty  Map  of  Niagara  Falls  Village,   sliowiug  the  lots  and 
streets  included  in  the  proposed  State  Reservation. 

Part  II. 

Map  of  Central  and  Eastern  New  Yoi-k,  showing  the  results  of  the  Survey.  ^ 
Map  of  the  triangulaliou  along  the  Hudson  River. 


t    > 


N'OTi". .— The  lioliotypo  ))iint'<  are  from  ))hiii()u:i'a|)liio  nepfativc*  taken  liy  >rr.  (Jeorge  Barker 
of  Niagara  Falla.    The  prinu  are  by  the  HeliotyiJC  I'riiUinjj  Company,  ol'  liooloa. 


Part  I 


•ra> 


SIPEOI^L    -E^EJ^OI^T 


(»N    THK 


PRESEEVATIOiX  OK  NiAGVRA  FAILS. 


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3 


SPECIAL 

REPORT  OF  THE  COMMISSIONERS, 


To  (lie  Li'(jisl(ihn'e : 

The  Commi.ssioiicrs  of  the  St:ite  Survey  were  iiLstructetl  Iiy  m  joint 
rosoliitioii  of  the  Louislatiire  of  lS7i»,  as  follows  : 

'' li(  .solved,  That  tire  Comiuis.sioiicrs  of  the  State  Survey  are  hereby 
directed  to  inquire. 'consider  and  report  what,  if  an\',  measures  it  may 
be  exiiedient  for  the  State  to  ado|)t  for  carrvinir  out  tiie  susrirestious 
contained  in  the  animal  messaire  of  the  Governor,  with  respect  to 
!Mai>"ar;i  Falls.  That  said  conmussioners  are  herel»y  authorized,  iu 
behalf  of  the  State,  to  confer  witii  any  conunission  or  other  author- 
i/i'd  l)t)dy.  [)erson  or  [x'rsoiis  re[)rcsentin<;  the  Dominion  of  Canada  or 
the  ProN'ince  of  Ontario,  m:ikin^  a  similar  in(jiniry  or  contemplating 
measures  for  a  sindlar  [jurpose." 


Under  this  resolution  it  bc-ame  the  duty  of  th(>  Commissioners  to 
ascertain  how  far  the  private  holdini;-  of  land  about  Niagara  Falls  has 
W()rk(>d  to  pul)lic  disadvantagi^  thiough  defacements  of  the  scentny  ; 
to  determine  the  character  of  su<'h  (K'facements  ;  to  estimate  the  ten- 
dency to  greater  injniy  ;  and  lastly,  t(»  consider  whether  the  pro- 
l)o>cd  action  I)y  the  Slate  is  necessary  to  arrest  the  process  of  destruc- 
tion and  restore  to  the  sceneiy  its  original  character. 

In  pursuance  (>f  thes'^  oltjccts.  the  Connnissioners  instructed  Mr. 
James  T.  (Jai'dner,  Director  of  the  Stale  Survey,  to  make  an  t>\am- 
ination  of  die  prcmis/s  and  picpare  foi'  their  consideration  such  a  pro- 
ject as  was  hiid  in  \  icw  in  the  resolution  of  the  J^;'gislature,  and  they 
tijssociated  with  hiiu  Mr.  Frederick  Law  Olmsted.  ^ 


II. 

In'foi-e  stating  the  conclusions  reacdied  on  the  lojjics  of  in([uiry 
jibove  ret-ilc(l.  a  l»ricf  con>idei'ation  seems  dcsiral)le  of  a  matter  not 
tlirecll}-  comprchcndt'd  in  the  instrut'tions  of  the  Conuni.ssioners,  but 


PLATE     I 


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ii)i:ai.   viiAV    UP    I   ;i;    amki^i,an    rapids    ArrKH    -nil-;    vii.i.aci-:   si 


PLATE      I 


IKi;      IMI-.     VILLAt-.K     SUDHK     AND     HAllI     ISLAND     ARK     HFCSTORI^D. 


8 


[iJenate, 


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Pi^' 


SO  related  to  those  to  he  reported  upon  and  of  such  piihhc  concern, 
that  reforoiice  to  it  cMnnot  i)i()i)erl3-  he  omitted. 

Apart  from  the  profound  interest  which  h('h)niis  to  the  great  falls. 
the  liver  sceneiy  of  Niagara  has  many  charms  peculiar  to  itself.  As 
with  charms  of  scenery  elsewhere,  these  are  hardly  to  he  known  at 
iiist  sight  and  are  the  nioie  enjoyed  the  more  they  are  conited. 
The  summer  climate  of  the  region  is  most  agreeable  and  those  com- 
ing to  it  from  the  seal)oard  exi)erienc<^  a  decided  tonic  etU'Ct,  as  of 
mountain  air.  It  is  accessi!)le  by  sevei-al  favorite  routes  of  travel,  its 
inns  are  of  irood  re))ute,  their  sanitarv  conditions  uiiconunonlv  satis- 
factory,  and  their  charges  not  higher  than  I'ule  elsewhere. 

Under  these  ciremnstances  it  might  reasonably  have  been  expected 
that  Niagara  wouhl  be  the  temporary  residence  of  great  numbers  of 
those  who  everv  summer  miirrate  from  town  to  comilrv,  and  one  of 
the  most  popular  i)laces  of  vacation  sojourn  in  all  the  world. 

It  has,  however,  no  sunnner  po[)ulati()n  of  the  class  referre<l  to.  and 
though  it  receives  a  great  mnnl)er  of  transient  visitors,  it  is  believed 
that  at  no  other  notable  pleasure  resort  of  Kuro[)e  or  America  is  the 
stay  of  travelers  so  short.  It  may  be  added  that,  if  the  public  press 
for  years  j)ast  is  to  be  credited,  from  none  do  so  many  visitois  depart 
in  ill  humor.  The  ex[)lanation  is  generally  assumed  to  be  that  they 
are  driven  away  by  the  jKstering  demands  and  solicitations,  the  petty 
exactions  and  impositions  to  which,  whenever  a  strangiM-  goes  out  of 
doors,  he  is  at  every  turn  subjected.  This  nuisance  is  spoken  of  as  if 
it  were  in  a  great  degiee  iieeuliar  to  Niagara  ;  the  local  authorities 
are  considei'cd  responsible  foi-  it  and  are  urged  to  bring  it  to  an  end 
by  better  and  more  resolutely  enforced  police  regulations. 

Both  the  explanation  and  the  remedy  thus  pioposed  api)ear  to  the 
Commissioners  inadeqivt**  Wherever  scenery  of  great  gi'ueral  cele- 
brity attracts  strangers  m  large  numbers,  a  sinular  inconvem'ence  is 
A'lt  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  and  at  many  i)lac(s  the  i)opulation 
Avhich.  under  various  pivtences,  seeks  to  obtain  a  livelihood  thro;>gh 
the  otler  of  various  small  services  to  visitors,  and  when  this  fails  by 
more  direct  forms  of  begging  and  depredation,  is  much  larger  than  at 
Niagara.  It  is  imleed  incredil»le  that  the  people  of  thtse  rich  corners 
of  the  prosperotis  State  of  New  York  and  the  thrifty  Province  of 
O.itario  should  either  be  moved  in  i-xtraovdinary  numiieis  to  adojjt 
such  ctiursis  of  life,  or  to  exhibit  in  them  a  degree  of  rapacity  else- 
where unknown. 

Why.  tlien.  the  evil  >leiuld  apparently  be  more  felt  by  the  jxiblic, 


[iJenate, 
1)1  ic  concern, 

■  great  falls. 
[)  itself.  As 
)e  known  at 
ire  couited. 
1  those  coni- 
etl'ect,  as  of 
>f  travel,  its 
nionlv  satis- 


€" 


n\  expected 
nnnibers  of 
,  and  one  of 
•Id. 

rred  to,  and 
L  is  believed 
lerica  is  the 
pnhlic  press 
iitors  depart 
'C  that  they 
s,  the  petty 
roes  ont  of 
ken  of  as  if 
authorities 
L  to  an  end 


pear  to  the 
eneral  cele- 
venience  is 
l)opiilation 
>d  thro'.iiih 
his  fails  hy 
i£vv  than  at 
ich  corners 
'rovince  of 
s  to  adopt 
[)acity  else- 

the  public, 


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\l>j  ;?w!W-«*-. 


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<■ 


No.  37.J 


0 


and  have  such  an  unusual  result  as  is  attiihuk'd  to  it  at  Niagara,  de- 
ui.'ind^  iiKjiiiiy. 

Tin,'  (|iu'.stit)ii  liiis  too  many  minor  hranclics  to  he  tliorouijlily  pur- 
sued in  tins  ro[»ort,  hut  Ihu  lollowin*;  considerations  a[)|)i'ar  to  have 
more  importance  than  has  i^onerally  heen  recounized. 

Within  certain  limits  at  Nia<j:ara  there  are  j)r()I)al)l3'  a  larirer  num- 
her  of  distinct  and  raie  <|nalitics  of  heauty  in  coml»inations  of  rock, 
foliaii'e,  mist,  sky  and  water,  tlian  in  any  othei'  equal  space  of  the 
eaith's  sniface,  and  althouii'h  the  irorijfe  of  tlie  river  lor  nules  helow  is 
very  interest inu',  :nid  the  hioad,  smooth  water  about  the  Rapids,  with 
its  low  sln)res,  is  an  important  feature  of  a  marvelous  landsca[)(!  effect, 
the  g.'ounds  of  attraction  in  these  more  distant  parts  being  more  nearly 
paralleled  elsewhere,  the  distinctive  interest  of  Niagara,  as  compared 
with  th"'  of  other  attractive  scenery,  is  remarkably  circumscribed  and 
concentrated. 

The  dili'erence  in  the  demand  u[)on  the  attention  of  such  a  [)assagc 
of  scenery  and  that  re(iuire<l  b^-  scenery  of  mountain  grandeur, 
is  plain.  In  the  latter  the  elements  of  beaut}^  are  nnich  dill'iised, 
are  to  l)e  enjoyed  on  all  sides  and  in  gi'cat  distances,  and,  because 
of  this  })ervading  (piality  of  its  be.auty,  such  scenery  is  not  as  nmeh 
to  be  put  out  of  countenance  by  the  intrusion  on  the  attention  of 
incongruous  objects  or  of  impertinent  pahiver.  Much  pleasure  nniy 
be  taken  in  it  while  the  obser\'er  is  in  I'Mpid  motion  and  (,'ven  inciden- 
tally to  other  occui)ations ;  and  a  like  com[)aris()n  will  hold  as  to 
the  enjoyment  of  regions  sim[)ly  picturcs(|ue  or  those  of  uiore  tran- 
quil beauty. 

The  courses  into  which  visitors  arc  now  generally  drawn  at  Niagara, 
the  facilities  of  conveyance  otfeicd  them,  and  all  the  arrangements 
ostensibly  designed  for  their  aid,  and  for  which  they  are  constantly 
called  upon  to  pay,  are  sulliciently  well  adai)ted  to  the  bare  salisfac- 
tion  of  curiositv  in  the  wateii'ali  as  the  largest  in  the  world,  and  in 
those  wondirs  of  it  which  can  be  adecjuately  set  foitli  in  words. 
Were  nothing  more  desirable,  tlu;  interru[)ti()ns  with  which  the  visitor 
is  now  annoyed  would  be  of  little  couse(|uence. 

But  the  value  of  Niaaara  to  the  woi'ld,  and  that  which  has  obtained 
for  it  the  homage  of  .so  man}'  men  whom  the  world  reveres,  lies  in  its 
power  of  appeal  to  the  higher  emotional  and  inniginative  faculties, 
and  this  power  is  drawn  (roni  (|nalities  and  conditions  too  subtle  to  be 
known  tln'oiigli  vei  l)al  d(  .^ei'iption.    To  a  proper  apprehension  of  these, 


10 


[Hknatk, 


somcthiiiuf  \uo\o  IIimm   passiiii;  ohscivjition  is  iiocossjiiy  ;   to  nil  eiijoy- 
nu'iil  ol'tluMii.  .s(>iii"(liiiiu'  nioi't'  tlciii  an  iiistjiiiliiiicoiis  act  of  will. 

ll  is  ijifii  coiu'civahUMhal  wliad'vcr  occiii's  to  prcvcnl  or  iiitcrnipt 
ji  coinpi^cil.  rci'cptive  ami  coiiU'iiiplalivc  IVmiiic  of  iiiiiid  is,  at  Xiapira, 
II  soiiicc  of  (K'cptT  irrilalioii,  oircii.^c  ami  di.s.sali.sfaciioii  lliaii  it  can  l)o 

C'Im'W  llt'lC. 

As  to  a  possible  rcnuMly  for  llir  evil,  it  should  lie  rciiitMiilxM-t'd  that 
till'  local  u(>vrniiut'iit  is  in  the  hands  ol"  two  csscntiallv  rural  com- 
munitic.s.  lu'twccn  whom  traveler;-  are  constantly  passim^;  that  the 
dillicnlly  t>f  concerting'  adetpiate  ineasnro  for  the  pi'otection  of  way- 
farers iVom  imposition  and  annoyance  on  the  liiLrhways  is  the  LiTcatiT, 
hecanse  the  t\vo  live  under  dillercnt  national  const  iiutions  and  dilfereiit 
immieipal  laws  and  cn>lonis. 

Coidd  l)oth  the  ordinary  and  th(>se  extraordinary  ditlieiilties  Ix; 
overcome,  of  providin;^',  under  >nch  connnmnties.  an  ellicient  police 
and  maiiisterial  system  dnrinu  the  lew  months  in  which  visitois  llock 
in  lari^'e  numl»ei>  to  the  !''all>.  the  points  of  interest  of  most  impoi'tanco 
would  still  mainly  remain  private  propel  ty,  divided  anion:::  numerous 
land-owners.  recoLini/iiiLi"  liltle  intere>t  in  conmion.  hut  cacli.  a>  now, 
seekiuL;'  to  uaiu  all  he  -.an  through  renl>,  tees,  and  a  division  of  earn- 
iuu's  with  all  >orls  ol"  petty  speculators  on  the   ignorance  of  stranu't'i's. 

While  these  conditions  continue,  theret'ore,  whatever  temporary 
jiallialioiis  ol'  the  evil  may  po»il)|y  he  ai'complishcd,  it  is  likely  in  the 
loiiLi'  run  to  lie  aL:i:ia\  aled  and  to  operate  still  more  decidedly  to 
nciilrali/.e  ihe  piopci'  pnMic  \alue  ol"  Niagara  Falls.  The  only  prop- 
ped of  relief.  Ol'  e\('ii  ol"  permanent  and  ncueial  improvement,  lies  in 
the  adoplion  of  >ome  >iich  nicasiire  as  the  ( "oinmissioners  have  heeii 
dirtcted  1(\   the  Li"ji.-lal lire,  tor  (tthcr  reasons,  to  coii-ider. 


III. 

Takiiii:"  up  the  matters  with  vvhich  the  Commissioners  were  more 
particularly  chariicd.  the  rcjiort  of  Mr.  (iardiii'r.  hereto  ai)pi'nded, 
sliow>  that  the  scenery  of  Niai;ai';i  I'"all>  ha>  licen  ureatly  injured,  that 
the  proce.-s  of  injmw  is  continuous  and  ;icceii'ratinu",  and  that,  if  not 
arrested,  it  must  m  time  he  utterly  destiiictiv(!  of  its  value. 

The  American  shore  is  occupied  I>y  a  \  illaii'e,  and  the  land  horder- 
ini:'  the  rivt-r  has  heeii  divided  into  hoi,>e  lots.  Many  of  these  aro 
alrcad\-  hiiilt  upon  :  all  ai'c  lial)lc  to  l)e.  There  is  no  American  soil 
f"rom  which  the  l'\lls  c;ni  In-  con:einp!atcd  except  al  the  pleasure  of 
a  [)iivate  owner  and  under   ^•uch  conditions  as   he  may  (.hoi)se    to  im- 


[Sknatk, 

to  Mil  t'lijoy- 
of  will, 
or   iiitcii'iipt 
,  ill  Xiiipira, 
MM  il  t'Hii  he 


inl>(M<'(l  tliiit 
V  rural  com- 
IZ  ;  thai  the 
■tioii  of  way- 
ihc  Li'iH'ati'r, 
and  tliU'cri'iit 

itliciiltics  1)(! 
liciciit  police 
visitois  llock 
I  inii)oitaiice 
lit;  iimiicrcHis 
'ac!i.  a>  now, 
.sioii  ol  carn- 
ol"  .straiiu'cr.s. 
r  tciuporaiy 
liUt'h  in  the 
ilccidctlly  to 
lie  only  pro.>- 
■nu'iit ,  lies  ill 
■is  have  hecu 
r. 


''*t' ■(•,>' 


s  were   more 

0  ai)p<'n(l('(l, 
injured,  that 

1  that,  it"  not 
le. 

land  horder- 

ot"  these  are 

Viuerican  soil 

ic  pl<'.i.>nrt'  ot" 

.  hoi)se    to  im- 


^ 


-^ 


kS^^E- 


llp^^^ 


3 

I 


3 

I 


No.  J37.] 


11 


X 


■ 


pose;  none  upon  which  the  most  ontrngoous  caprices  of  laste  may 
not  be  indulged  or  the  most  offensive  interpolations  forced  U[)on 
tlie  landscape. 

From  tlie  Iiead  of  the  Ivapids  to  the  Fails,  tlie  sliore  is  already  de- 
faced l)y  walls,  platforms  and  buildings.  Not  a  foot  of  it  retains  a 
natural  char.'MMer. 

Yeai's  ago  one  of  the  loveliest  features  of  the  river  was  a  little  island 
with  rocky  shores  overhung  with  foliage,  in  the  dark  shadows  of 
which  the  waters  whirled  and  sparkled  as  nowhere  else.  A  small 
paper  mill,  at  iirst  set.  inc()iispicu()ii.>ly'  upon  it,  has  been  gradually  en- 
larged and  built  out,  until  now  it  has  not  merely  displaced  the  rock 
and  wood,  but  stretches  its  sluice-ways,  walls  and  wing-dams  far  into 
the  most  interesting  part  of  tlie  American  llapids. 

The  single  fragment  of  the  majestic  [)rimeval  foiest  of  the  Falls 
which  still  remains,  u[)on  (joat  Island,  will  i)robably  soon  pass  from 
the  [)rotection  of  its  [)res('nt  owners  and  be  destroyed,  to  make  I'ooni 
for  gaudy  places  of  popular  entertainment  or  unsightly  factories. 

It  nuist  be  e.\i)ect(>d  that  the  subdivision  of  [)ro[)eities  Will  be  a 
continuous  [)rocess  and  that  each  land  owner  will,  hereafier  as  heieto- 
fore,  strive  to  make  his  particular  ground  yield  the  largest  possible 
private  [)rofit. 

The  e'enxMits  of  interest  and  atiraction  lie  within  such  a  limited 
area  aiul  so  react  on  one  another,  that  a  liki-  [)rot'(.ss  might,  as  already 
suggested,  extend  much  further  in  any  other  region  of  great  land- 
scape celebrity  with  less  fatal  elfects  upon  its  character. 


IV. 

The  rational  remedy  is  of  the  same  class  Avith  that  which  it  is  the 
policy  and  custom  of  all  civilizetl  connnunities  to  adopt  whenever  the 
private  ownei-shii»  of  laml  stands  in  the  w.  y  of  general  interests,  as 
Avhen  liublic  hijjhwavs  or  canals  are  carried  thronah  farms  and  build- 
ings,  or  when  |)rivate  ferries  are  sii|)pl,inted  by  free  [>ui)lic  bridges. 

To  give  satisfactory  access  to  the  Falls  of  Niagara  and  preserve  their 
value,  the  extent  of  land  reipiisite  to  be  withdrawn  from  i)rivato 
ownershii)  is  ibriunately  small.  The  ari'a  which  Messrs.  Gardner  and 
Olmsted  find  necessary  to  be  taken  for  these  pur[)oses,  includes,  be- 
sides the  islands  above  tin;  Falls,  a  strip  of  the  river  bank  on  the  main 
land  connnencing  at  the  head  of  the  rapids  and  i-unning  along  the 
shori'  to  tlu!  upper  ,'>u>pen->i()n  bridge.  The  breadth  of  this  strip  is 
mainly  determined  by  the  crest  of  a  natu:al  terrace  generally  about  a 


'Xi 


12 


[Sknate, 


huiuli'cd  feet  disljint  iVoin  tho  Wiitor's  odijc,  hut  so  much  widi'i-  in  tho 
iiuiiK'(hate  vicinity  of  I  ho  lalls  that  at  tho  \)o'u\l  of  iri'catost  iiitorost, 
a  si)aci()us  area  woiihl  ho  ohiaiiiod  t'oi'  ih;'  accoimuodalioii  of  visitors, 
and  iiK'onuiiious  ohiccis  wouhl  h{>  more  oHoctuallv  kont  out  of  siixlit. 

It  is  dcsiiiiiod  that  tho  l)iiihliiii2:.s  now  wtandinii"  upon  this  stri[)  of 
land  shall  ho  roiuovi'd.  and  that  tho  innnodiato  hank  of  tho  rivor  siiall 
ho  forme  I  <!>  as  to  hav(>  a  natural  asi)oct,  with  such  slopes  and  so  pro- 
tected h\-  I'ouu'h,  loosely  piled  local  rock,  as  to  ho  guarded  airainst 
surii't  s  of  lloatiuir  ice  and  loirs.  Trees  and  huslu-s  are  [)i'o[)os('d  to  l)o 
l)lanted  ot"  such  kinds  and  in  such  dispositions  as  are  natural  to  the 
locality.  Carried  hack  to  the  houndaiy  on  the  ei'ost  ol"  the  terrace, 
this  plantiiiLi"  would  ol>scure  the  huildinu's  of  the  village,  and  scoiu'c 
their  laM(l>tMpo  disconnection  with  the  river. 

^^'ithi^  ;ind  along  the  rear  of  the  narrow  woodland,  a  road  and 
ualk  would  he  laid  out  with  hi'anclu's  from  tho  walk  to  iin'onspicuous 
sha(le(l  >eats  commanding  views  ot'  the  rapids,  and  to  a  more  extended 
l)latfv)rm  overlooking  the  tails  and  chasm. 


The  ahoNc  siigucstions  indicate  the  con>idei';il  ions  which  dotoi'inino 
the  limits  of  tho  land  proposed  to  he  taken.  Iv\cept  with  this  motive, 
it  i>  not  the  duty  of  t  lie  ( 'onnni>sioner.-  to  advi>e  how  it  sh.all  he  used, 
and  it  i>  >nllicient  to  say  that  tiny  cordially  adopt  the  views  of  Mr. 
()lm>le(l.  who  urii'es  th:U  the  Slate  should  hy  no  means  undertake  to 
j)ro\ide  a  place  ot"  general  pleasuring  or  any  merely  ornamental 
gromid>.  hiU  simply  to  romoxc  unnecessary  artificial  ol)iects;  inak<; 
those  necessary  as  little  conspicuous  as  possiide.  and  restore  natmal 
landsc;i|)e  conditions  as  far  as  practicahio  consistently  with  indisponsa- 
hlo  i)i<>\  isions  for  the  convoxanco  of  visitors  and  for  liivinir  them 
ado((uate  oppoit  unit  ies  t'oi'  ohservation. 

The  main  gromids  of  this  ;id\ice  are  thus  state<l  : 

In  wliatev<'r  is  done  hy  the  State  lliere  should  he  not  only  a  wise 
con>ider;ilion  ot"  innnediate  pul)lic  rcijuironients.  hut  a  [trudont  for(,'- 
cast  ol"  the  futm-e.  \N'hen  once  visitors  are  relieved  as  t"ar  as  may  he 
f.om  tlioii'  present  annoyances,  tho  increasing  population  of  the  coun- 
try and  the  nnilt iplicat ion  and  cheapening  of  thi'  means  of  ti'avoi 
Avliich  is  to  he  ;mti»'ipated,  will  hi'ing  people  to  Niagara  Falls  in 
iMunl)ers  t";ii'  exceeding  those  of  which  we  have  present  exporionco. 
Imcu  now  it  ofli'u  happens  that  several  hundretl  \  isiiors  s( ck  at  the 
.same  time  to  eni(y  a  [i.uticnlar   view  ol   the  F.dls  which  can  only  ho 


.'S^:.. 


'* 


^/ 


'>('' 


..»S.;^#.i 


^' 


t. 


'^*wft- 


»II»%*J*  ■••»«•«- 


1 
a 
I 


.*> 


, 


(' 


No.  37.] 


13 


r 


luid  IVoui  a  space  of  gromul  much  too  limited  for  tiiom  all  to  ntiiiid 
upon  at  once.  In  view  of  this  coiLsideialion,  it  is  ol)vioiis  that  to  pro- 
vide, witii  a  sinirle  piir[)()8e,  for  the  coiiiforlaljle  passiiij^  lo  and  from 
the  more  popular  [joints  of  view  and  for  the  standing  room  at  these 
points  of  such  muUitudes  as  must  l)e  looked  forward  to,  without 
ruinous  sacritice  of  the  scenery,  will  be  a  task,  to  say  the  least,  of  ex- 
treme ditficulty.  It  should  be  complicated  by  no  other  object,  and 
all  practicable  legislative  safeguards  should  from  the  outset  be 
employed  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  such  other  objects  as,  under 
various  pretences,  are  likely  from  time  to  time  to  be  urged. 

The  distance  from  existing  hotels  and  shops  in  the  village  to  the 
most  distant  parts  of  the  proposed  State  grounds  is  but  a  thousand 
yards.  It  will,  therefore,  be  a  hardship  to  no  one  if  this  ground  is 
kei)t  entirely  free  from  houses  of  reficshment,  sho[)s,  booths,  and 
places  of  amusement  and  exhibition.  Neither  can  extensive  shelters 
be  necessary.  At  one  or  two  points  something  might  be  gained  by 
the  erection  of  belvederes  or  [)rospect  toweis,  but  if  it  is  considered 
how  consi)icuous  any  stiucture  of  this  class  must  be  if  conveniently 
spacious  for  the  general  public,  it  will  be  evident  that  even  these  will 
be  better  dispensed  with. 


VI. 

The  removal  and  exclusion  from  the  proposed  State  ground  of 
everything  interfering  inmecessarily  with  the  contem[)lation  of  the 
natural  sci'uery  will  injure  no  general  interest.  Since  the  building  of 
the  paper  mill,  to  which  relerence  has  been  made,  a  channel  has  been 
formed  by  means  of  which  a  great  volume  of  water  is  diverted  from 
the  stream  above  the  rapids  and  carried  through  the  village  to  the 
table-land  overlooking  the  chasm  below  the  falls,  whe;'e  the  power 
can  be  applied  to  the  greatest  mechanical  advantage.  It  is  already  in 
extensive  use,  and  it  is  admitted  by  the  proprietors  of  the  paper  mill 
proposed  to  be  removed,  that  the  situation  would  be  even  more  favor- 
able for  their  puri)oses  than  that  they  now  occui)y,  or  than  any  upon 
the  ground  of  which  it  is  pio[)oscd  that  the  State  shoidd  take  posses- 
sion. This  would  be  equally  true  as  to  any  considi-rable  industrial  un- 
dertaking. The  [)rovision  thus  secured  can  be  enlarged,  should  this 
evei"  \k'.  required,  to  any  desired  extent,  an<l  the  water  power  of  the 
falls  more  economically  utdized  than  if  their  innnediate  banks  were 
to  be  occupied  by  lactories. 


14 


[Sknatk, 


VII. 

rx'l'oro  i):is.siiii2:  jiidii'moiit  on  llu'  [)i'()j('c(.  the  (^Jiiiiiiissioiicrs  liavo 
tiiki'ii  Jill  i)r!U'ti(':il»l(i  pains  to  In'  infonncd  of  tlic  market  valiK'  of  tlio 
l)ro[)('rlii'.s  icciiiirtd  to  ln'  taUon.  They  do  not  [)i(  sciil  cslimati's  lu'- 
eanse  tliey  eonltl  olfn-  none  that  wonld  not  he  in  a  <iTeiit,  deuiee  eon- 
jeetuial  ;  and,  with  a  view  to  the  eonrse  which  they  will  herein  snir- 
o-esl  to  the  Lt'U'i^latni'e.  not  of  innnediate  imporlanee.  Tln'V  point 
ont,  however,  thai  the  i)i'ojeel  stands  on  a  nineh  more  favoral»le  foot- 
inu"  than  it  otherwise  eonld,  from  the  fact  that  tlu'  lines  of  the  pro- 
j)osed  State  irronnd  are  so  laiil  down  as  to  l(>ave  out,  not  only  the 
l)rinei[)al  water  works,  faetories  and  shops  lor  wWwh  the  Falls  jiavc 
li'iven  oeeasion,  hnt  also  mneli  the  larger  part  <'ven  of  the  slrnelurcs 
provided  expi'essly  for  visitors.  Comparatively  little  i-apital  invested 
ill  improvements  wonld.  therefore,  have  to  he  honi^ht  ont.  'I'he  eon- 
sideralioii  is  also  im[)ortaiit  that  the  proposil  ion  exelndes  any  fntiu'c 
eostU  const rni'tioiis  or  (dahorate  iirranii-emeiits  for  the  entertainment 
of  the  |)nl)lic.  and  any  occasion  for  liceiis(>fj  or  U'ases  which  miuht  he, 
corrn[)tly  dealt  with. 

The  Cojnmi.ssioners  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  real  estate  required 
eonld  now  he  ((htained,  and  the  nndertakinii'  cai'i  ied  out  at  a  cost  less 
than  ha>  heeii  commonly  supposed,  and  which  wonld  not  lu'  thonght 
l»y  the  people  of  the  State  to  he  immoderate. 


VIII. 

Iveviewinir  tin'  scheme  as  a  whole,  the  followini;-  comments  are  sub- 
mitted to  the  Lt\iii>latnre  : 

, Indued  from  the  hnvest  point  of  view.  Stales  possess  in  the  interest 
of  their  physical  feainres  sources  ot"  great  puhlic  and  private  income. 
Thoni:h  more  striking  prool's  might  he  lound  ahroa<l,  we  need  not  go 
heyond  the  limits  of  our  own  State  for  sniiicieiit  illn,-t  rations  ot"  this 
fact,  '{'here  can  he  few  iiilelligcnt  eiti/eiis  of  .New  York  who  avc  not 
aware  fn>m  personal  oi>s;rvat ion  that  a  huge  and  rapidly  augment- 
inu"  revenue  is  llowinu'  into  all  its  eliaiinels  of  hiisiness  and  into  llu; 
puhlic  treasury,  because  ot'  the  attractions  which  the  people  of  otli(;i- 
States  an<l  countries  lind  in  th<>  scenery  of  the  Hudson,  the  Mohawk, 
the  SiisijUeh.'uma,  the  Delaware  and  the  ( renesee  ;  of  Lake  ( 'han\plain, 
I/ikc  ietu'i:*'  and  nnmen.us  smaller  bodi's  (>!'  water;  the  'i"hon>and 
Isl.inds  of  the  St.  Lawrence;  the  mountain  antl  loi'csl  \vild>  of  the 
Adii'ondueks,  and  th(>  picluri'S(pu,'   glens  and   ea.scades   of  the  central 


it'  >••■, 


''1 


>>' 


«fS* 


a 


I 

J 


I 


No.  :{7.] 


15 


part  of  tho  State.  Niap'.'n.'i  Falls  is  not  simply  tlio  crowiiiiiir  irlory  of 
the  irical,  rcscMirccs  of  llio  Sliilo  of  this  cliiss.  Ixit  llic  liinliol  (lisliiicdoii 
of  t  lie  nation  an<l  of  llic  conlinrnl.  No  oilier  like  liifl  of  nalinu'  r(pi;illy 
holds  the  inlcrc^^t  of  the  uorld  at  lai<;(!  or  opci'atcs  (Mjiially  as  im  iii- 
(liU'cnicMl  to  llir  crossini;  of  the  ocean.  Its  eminence  is  shown  l)y  tin; 
iXMnaiUahli!  cii'cunistanco  that  the  word  Xiauaia  has  hecome  incor- 
j)orate(l  into  many  lanuiiau'csi  a.s  better  tli  ii  any  other  expiussini;  ideas 
of  which  the  facets  of  N'ia,i;arii  are   llu^   hii^hest  known  exein[)lifi(ration. 

'I'he  pi'ivale  land  ownership  and  individnal  enleipiise,  which  else- 
Avhoro  work  favorahly  to  the  interests  of  the  Stale  hy  aiding  the  })m'- 
pose  of  travelers,  at  Niauara  stand  in  its  way.  Tlu;  evil  is  not  ono 
that  can  <'nre  itself.  It  is  >nre,  if  it  continncs,  to  increase.  The  pe- 
cuniary loss  from  it  to  the  people  of  the  Slate  is  incalculably  ureatcr 
than  the  onliay  which  would  he  re(iuiivd  to  carry  ort  li  >>  scheme  pro- 
posed and  hrinir  it  to  an  end. 

Bill  the  (jiieslion  cannot  he  i'e<rarded  simply  as  an  economical  one. 
It  has  heeii  fully  ivco^ni/ed  l»y  wise  ukmi  in  all  times  and  in  all  lands 
to  he  conducive  to  civilization,  to  the  instruction  of  the  people  and 
to  the  conservation  of  pul)lic  oi'dor,  that  localities  which  are  associated 
Avith  till'  lives,  the  achievements  and  the  deaths  of  distinguished  men 
shoidd  he  set  a[)art,  preserved  ami  held  as  a  sacred  heritage  to  ho 
transmitled  from  one  iieneration  to  another.  In  the  same  way  gills 
ol"  nature  which  ap[)cal  to  the  hiuher  seiisii)ililies  of  mankind  l>y  their 
beauty  and  by  their  <>i'andein",  are  entitled  to  reveicnlial  protection. 
Amei  leans  no  to  iMirope  not  only  to  visit  the  inu'ial  places  of  the  i:reat 
ni(>n  of  i)ast  ijenerations  but  also  to  see  the  valleys  of  llu-  lihiiie  and  the 
Danulie  ;  the  mountains  of  Switzerland,  and  tin;  shoic^  of  the  Medit- 
erranean. 'JMie  impulses  which  thus  draw  the  nations  loucthev  are  a 
])()\\erful  inlhience  for  the  obliieiation  of  race-prejudices,  and  thus  for 
the  i)reservalion  of  the  })eace  of  the  world. 

'riuM(!  is  iiowheri^  a  natural  object  better  adapted  to  serve  these 
great  ends  than  the  Falls  of  Niauara,  and  the  Slate  which  holds  such 
a  treasure,  holds  it  under  sacred  oi)liu-atioiis  to  mankind. 

The  memorial  hereto  ap[)ended  exhibits  the  interest  which  the  pro- 
position excites  in  the  minds  of  many  thoughtful  men  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  State. 

It  cannot  be  doubled  that  another  generalioii  will  hold  us  greatly 
to  account  if  we  so  negk'ct  oi'  so  b.idly  administer  our  trust  that  the 
Falls  of  Niagara  los(^  their  beauty  and  their  human  interest.  W  we 
bl.'imc  the  men  of  a  foi-mer  dav  for  not  settiniz"  apart  when  it  was  the 


16 


[Senate, 


jiroporly  of  llu>  Sliilc  ;iiiil  miirlit  (>;i>ily  liinc  hccii  done,  llic  Falls  of 
Xi;ii:';ir;i  ;is  llic  Vo  Sn  nil  c  !i  ml  I  he  Vfll(i\v>i()iic  li.i\  c  in  our  (l;i_v  Ix'cii  set 
;i|):ill.  llifli  lidW  liiilcli  iiiui'c  ni  l|i;il)l('  >liall  we  he.  who  know  iliti'  llicir 
value  and  lu'ifriv  iniT  their  certain  desirncl  ion.  >till  I'eliise  to  lake  the 
iKvessaiy  nieasui'es  lor  their  |)i'e.M'i  \  alion. 

IX. 

,  In  a(  cordanre  with  the  sii<ifo"<'.slion  eonlaiiunl  in  the  joint  fcsolntioii 
ol'tlie  Lt'i:i>lat ure,  the  ( 'onnnissioners  held  a  eonleicnce  with  the  niein- 
])er.- ot'  the  lnini^t  ry  of  the  l'i(»\in<'e  <)t'()ntario  in  Septeniher  last. 
'rhi>«  coiit'crenca'  disclosed  a  letdinLi'  in  Canada  which  jnstilies  th(>  l)e- 
'.'li»'l"  tliiit  if  N'lW  ^'oik  shall  do  her  paii  in  this  work,  ('anada.  will  do 
\liers.*  To  the  Canadian-  it  ajipeaivd  that  under  the  liniitat  ions  of 
their  i:-overnnienlal  s ,  >teni  it  woidil  l)e  appropriate  t  hat  thel)urdeii  o|" 
t  he  undei  lakini:' --hould  he  horne  hytlie  honiinion  u'overnnieni .  It 
i.s  not  nece»ary  to  point  out  the  re>pect>  whi(di  would  make  it  uu- 
rsiiitalile  for  New  York  to  appeal  to  .he  l"\'deral  _i:(,vcrnnient  to  rtdievi? 
lier  I'roui  whatever  e.\[)cir-c  the  matter  may  involve.  It  is  sullieienl  to 
."^ay  that  many  eonsideratious  of  .^tate  ])ride  ;is  well  as  of  constitu- 
tional ditlicidty.  make  it  clear  that  if  the  .vmerieau  part  of  thi.s  work 
is  to  he  don(>  at  .all.  it  mu.'^t  he  done  hy  New  York  ;ilonc. 

Mr.  (iardiieraiid  Mr.  ()lmsicd.  con>iderinu' the  Legislature  to  have 
liad  in  view  a  reservation  upon  lioth  >ides  of  the  river,  cxandned  the 
Caiiadiiin  a.'*  well  as  the  .American  >hori'.  Their  plans  were  fa\-oral»ly 
vecei\('i|  hy  the  L'cnt  Kauen  w  ho  rc|)resented  the  pa  e  rum  cut  oi"  ( )ntario 
at  the  confei'cnce  ret'eii'cil  to.  The  ( 'ommis.-^ioner>  are  of  opinion  that 
it' the  r<'comnicnd,it ion~  ol  t his  report  >hall  he  acce[y|cd  hy  the  Jvcijis- 
lature.  the  pl.ui  >u_u'i:('>l<'d  will  he  adop[<'d  hy  the  Canadian  govcru- 
lucnl  a>  Well, 

X. 

Cpou  the  12'roiinds  which  have  Itccii  set  I'orlh  the  ( 'ouuuissiouoi.s 
advi-^c  that  the  L"Llis|,al  ui'c  t.ake  >iich  .•iclion  as  may  he  appi'opriatc  to 
ac(|uirc  the  l;ind~  deseiilied  in  the  .iccompanyiuu'  maps,  provided  the 
same  can  he  purch;r-ed  t'or  a  reasonalile  price,  and  that  a  ( "ommissioii 
he  appointed  with  power  to  take  the  nece.~>ary  lei^-a.l  mcjisnrcs. 

Shoiihl  the  Leu;i>lalure  he  >o  di>po-.ed.  the  ar'i  toi'  till'  purpose  ni;iv 
he    liniileil    to   auihori/e    merely  the   necc-Nary  pre!imiu;ir\'  mea^mcs, 

'  Siiici'   |lij>  K'liorl  will    pi  I'lKUL'il  Uiu   li'^i^liitiii  i;   ol'  <i|il:iii(i  li:i>  liiUcii  incliiiiiiiary  in'tiou  lor 
llic  |i!n  |"i,-(.' 


r        ■^: 


.h 


V  .;&if. 


''  '<- 


•»i' 

? 


■dS- 


i. 


J,  , 


•,.■  *•-.    ■  *■ 


M-"^    A* 


u^^.  t. 


I 

i 


#»te'^ 


I 


|-  .  •'■ 


n. 

*^.  ■>■■ 


1 


property 
Niajiiiru 
{i|);irl.  1 1 
viiliK'  a' 
iiecessa 


.       I" 

of  tilt 

bcrsi  ( 
This"; 

";liof  tl 

\liei's.* 
their  , 
the  III 
is  not 
stiitali 
hor  I'r 
yuy  til 
tioiial 
Is  to  1 
Mr 
had  ii 
Caiiat 
rcc'civ 
at  the 
if  the 
lature 

llU'llt 


Tp. 
aiUiM' 
a(M|iiir 
.same  ( 
l)e  api 

Sho 
he    liii 


•  Si  lire 
llic    |iiir|j 


I 


^ 


A 


No.  37.] 


17 


loivymrr  ,t  for  the  following  Looislatiirc  to  ni.-ike  the  appropriatioii 
It  It  .shall  soc  fit  to  do  so,  after  the  awards  have  heeu  n.a.le,  and  it  has 
thns  been  determined  what  (h,.  aetual  eo.st  of  the  lands  will  he.  This 
woul.l  avoid  any  danger  of  involving  the  State  in  unforeseen  expense. 
All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted, 


W.  A.  WIIEELKR, 
KOr.T.  S.  HALE, 
AVILLTAM  DOHSriELMKR, 
FRANCIS  A.  STOUT, 
GEO.   (iEl)DES, 
¥.  A.  P.  IJAKN  ARD, 

Co)))himioners. 


[Sknatk  Boo.  No.  .S7.J 


1 


Id 

le 
as 

';i 

ly 

lis 
n- 
d- 
fo 

•I", 
to 
is 
w 
•e 
id 
•d 
iit 

10 


■a 

e 
)r 
le 

3S 


I 


I  ■ 


ii 


'...«* 


^ 


f>r- 


^V,,  i 


v-  A^ 


^ 


i  T. 


I' 


? 


^^^ 


■^'v 


•>} 


REPORT  OF  Till'  DIRHCTOR. 


' 


2\)  the  Jiixn'd  of  Cii)))inissi()ii(')',s  of  thf  Sfiitc  Siirn-i/  : 

Lord  DiilU'iiir.s  [)r()[)()s:ii  lliat  the  lainl  altout  Xi.'iL'.'ira  Falls  slioiikl 
l)c  coiili'ollcd  h\  llic  iiOvci'MiiK'iils  ot"  Ontario  and  New  Yoik,  I'or  the 
boiit'lil  and  i)rot('(lion  of  tlic  pnldic,  was  at  first  look(>d  upon  rather  as 
an  expression  of  i)hilantlii'opic  sentiment  than  an  earnest  pioposal  of  a 
praetieal  measuie.  l^nsynipathelie  ei'ities  snuirested  that  his  kindly 
iiatnr(>  had  heen  unduly  moved  l»y  witnc-sint;  (he  tortures  of  his 
fellow -Ix'iniis  under  [)cr.M'iiitioiis  of  haeknun.  importunilifs  of  perain- 
bulatiuii:  pli()to,i:'r."ii)hers,  and  all  the  poekcl-tlrainiui:'  exactions  of  end- 
less ijate  keepers  and  i^iiides,  who  eonilMue  to  uiake  the  visitor's  lifo 
luisei'able  and  his  stay  slutit,  at  Ma^ara  Falls.  A\'hen,  however, 
Governor  liohinson  put  the  matlter  so  forcil)l\-  in  his  la.^L  niessajjo  to 
the  Leu'islature,  appealing  to  the  piide  of  the  peo[tl('  to  })r()teet  this 
great  and  heauliful  iiifl  of  nature  from  heinu'  dejiraded  into  a  show 
an<l  madi'  the  means  of  exasperatini,''  extortion,  while  the  shores,  once 
forest-elad,  l»eeame  mill-sites  and  })laees  of  anmsenient,  the  api)(>al  foinid 
a  response  in  the  feelinus  of  our  eitizens  ;  and  the  Leti'islature  directed 
th(!  Jioard  of  the  Slate  .Survey  to  inquire,  consider,  and  report  what 
measures  it  may  he  expedient  for  the  State  to  adopt,  to  carry  out  the 
suiigestions  eontaiiHMl  in  the  annual  message  of  the  (Jovernor,  with 
resj)(>ct  to  Niagara  Falls, 

In  accordance  with  your  directions  and  accompanied  by  INIr. 
Fi'edei'iek  Law  Olmsted,  Landsca[)e  Arohiteet,  1  lirst  visited  Niagara 
i'alls  on  the  twenty-eighth  of  May. 

Although  sympathizing  in  the  pride  which  every  citizen  of  the  State 
feels  in  our  })ossessions  in  the  great  cataract,  who.-e  wonders  have  for 
two  hundred  years  been  better  known  to  Kuropeans  than  any  other  one 
thing  in  America;  and   feeling  that  the  preservation  of  its  beauties 


\ 


«#*• 


J 


2() 


[Sknatk, 


w.'is  ;i  tii.-illcr  (if  |H  isoiimI  iiil(r('<>l  (o  cvciy  X' '"  ^'orkj-r ;  t'ccliiiuf 
loo.  iIimI  I lii>  scci\(' (»r  ii;ii lira's  uiaiidisl  rHiiil  is  ^  rioiH  iiiln'iil;iii(*t^ 
to  lie  liaii<l(M|  down  tu  our  rliiitlrcii  iiiiiiiaiicil  Ity  titc  *l«v->lr)i(-t ivc  liatxl 
oIiIh'  inoiK'N  iiiaUrr  or  llir  drcoralions  ol' ail  ;  vrl  I  was  not  *'ouviiu'i'(l 
lliat  l(»  a(roiii|>li>|i  ||ii<,  it  woiiltl  lit-  iirccssary  lor  llic  SlaU'  lo  assimn' 
coiih'ol  of  IIm' laixls  alxait  tiic  I'alls.  'riicrrroii',  willi  an  iiiipnjiidircd 
mind,  I  was  prrpaicd  to  examine  the  I'aets  (hat  lay  lieloic  ns. 

Fonr  |ii'inei|ial  eh-nn-nts  eondiine  to  make  Niairara  \\ha(  it  is  ;  (Ik; 
rapids;  the  pielmesipie  islands  ai'onnd  wliieh  they  iiish;  the  I'alls 
(JHMnselves,  and  the  deep  thasm  helow.  A  mile  altove  the  Kails,  iho 
river  is  s|H('a<l  onl  liroad  and  calm  and  plaeid  as  a  lake.  At  llut 
npper  end  of  ( ioat  Island,  the  smooth  sinlaee  lu'<>aks  suddenly  int(» 
fmions  rapids,  whose  wild,  while-crested  waves,  hurrying"  with  <'ea>e- 
less  roar  to  the  inevit;ii>le  laink,  ai'e  almost  as  impressive  as  (he  Kails 
themselves.  In  tlu;  midst  of  (his  scene  of  (m'm(»il  and  irresis(il)l(; 
rnsh  of  waters  sl:mds(ioa(  Island,  with  iifleen  sni.aller  islands  and 
islets  aliont  it.  (ioat  Ulaini  is  more  than  h.iit"  a  mile  lon_u"  l»y  a 
<|Uartei'  ol'  a  mile  liroad.  The  snrroinnlinn'  islets  vary  iVoin  ItK)  teet 
to  ten  I'eet  in  diameter.  On  all  ol' these,  except  [Villi  lsl;md,(lie  h;ind 
ot"  man  li;is  sparetl  the  prinie\al  lores!.  i'ielm'esqiie  ehislers  of  escr- 
i!rei'ns,  lisiiii: onl  ol' dashing  waters,  the  lieh  oveih.inu'inij:  foliae-e  of 
the  hiuh  l>ank^  ol'tjoal  Uland  and  ('"ep  seclusion  ol"  its  woods.  ni\(' to 
(his  spot  ;i  cliaini  not  shared  liy  ;ii  'heralxml  Niaear;i.  The  views 
ot  the  American  and  Horseshoe  I';,...  .>een  iVom  the  west  end  of  the 
island  ai«'  lar  more  impiessiv*',  sink  di  eper  into  the  min<l  than  any 
others,  ltec:ins(>  only  lu're  the  visitor  tinds  hiniselt"  snrrounded  hy  tho 
inlliiences  ol"  natiii'e. 

Half  w;iy  helween  (Ioat  Island  .and  the  .American  side  ol'  the  liver 
is  llath  Island,  whose  position  in  the  middle  ofthe.se  i.ipids  nmst  h.ive 
made  it  a  I'ascinatinu"  pl;ice  in  early  days.  In  .an  e\il  horn'  it  t'nteicd 
into  some  man's  mind  to  start  a  p  iper  null  there  small  at  tirsi,  Imt 
(.'xteiidinu'  year  l>y  year,  till  in  pl.aee  of  u'r;icel"nl  woods,  tlu'  i:ronnd  is 
covered  with  nnsiLihtly  sheds  .and  luiildinus,  .and  the  I'.apids  aliove  an; 
disliunred  wiih  win^- dams  .and  ice  li.irrieis  ;  (he  whoK'  iii'onn  ("orminu" 
a  shockini:'  t'ontrasi  io  the  nalnra!  si-enery. 

This  paper  mill  is.  however,  only  oiw  .imonif  the  m.any  ;iI)omina- 
tioir->  which  mar  the  hcanty  ot"  the  .\meiic.an  I\a[)ids.  Their  eastern 
hank  was  once  rich  in  verdnre  and  ovcihmiLi'  with  stately  trees.  In 
place  ot"  ihc  pchlily  sliori',  the  uraci'l'nl  ferns  and  trailinii'  vinos  ol"  for- 
mer days,  one  now  sees  a  blank  stone  wall  with  sjwordiUe  openings 


AV.'IS 
too,  1 

1()  Ik 
of  111 
thai 

COIlt 

iniiul 
Fc 

rapi(^ 

tlioiu 

river 

iippe 

furio 

k'.stj  1 

lliom 

rti.sli 

i-sU'ts 

({iiarl 

to  tci 

ol'  in: 

tircci 

thr  h 

tins  ^ 

ol"l!i. 

ishuK 

other 

inline 

llii 
is  r.a 
niatle 
into  s 
ex  ten 
eo\fi" 
(li^tiu': 
a  slioi 

Til 
tions 
iiaiik 
place 
nier  d 


No.  :i7.] 


21 


throiiiili  which  tail  races  di.scliarge  ;  some  limber  crib  work  beariiiii-  in 
capitals  a  fool  high  the  iiiscrii)tion,  '•Parker's  Hair  J'>als;uii  ;  "'  then 
fiiither  up  stream,  more  walls  and  wing  dums.  Overlooking  this  dis- 
lignivd  river  briidi  stands  an  nnsighlly  rank  ol"  l)niKlings  in  uU  stages 
ol"  preservation  and  decay;  small  "  hotel.s,''  mills,  carpenter  .shops, 
stables,  "  ba/aars,-'  ici'-honses,  lainidries  with  clothes  hanging  out  to 
dry,  bath  houses,  large,  glaring  white  hotels,  and  an  indescribable 
a.ssortment  of  miscellaneous  rookeries,  fences,  and  patent  medicine 
.^ign>,  which  add  an  element  of  ruin  and  confusion  to  the  im[)ression  of 
solid  ugliness  given  by  the  better  class  of  bui-dings.  And  all  this  is 
the  l)a'-k  ground  to  one  of  the  giande.st  spectacles  in  the  world,  the 
rapids  of  a  mighty  torrent  writhing  and  foaming  in  the  fury  of  its 
downward  rush.  Js  it  any  wonih'r  th:»t  visitors  do  not  desire  to  remain 
long  in  the  presence  of  such  discoi'ds  ;  but  when  the  lirst  feeling  of 
curiosity  is  satislied,  hasten  a\v;iy  ?  In  looking  at  {Iw  Falls  from  (Joat 
Island  or  the  Canada  side,  one  cannot  help  seeing  these  rows  of  build- 
ings which  line  the  vill.'ige  shore  of  the  riser.  Hnly  one  >pot  invites 
the  eye  to  I'esI  on  its  green  trees.  This  is  i*rospect  J*aik  at  the  east 
end  of  the  American  l"'alls.  ]'ut  v\v\\  here,  the  hand  of  the  pi'ogres- 
sive  owner  has  torn  away  the  shi'ubsaml  rich  masses  of  wctodbine  that 
clu.>tere«l  along  the  ciliSi^  of  the  preei[)ice.  and  in  their  |)Iace  are  seen 
ualls  ;md  slrmtui'cs  sup[)()sed  to  be  tor  the  safety  and  entertainment 
of  tra\-elers. 

The  I'^alls  themselves  man  cannot  touch  :  but  he  is  fast  destroying 
their  beautiful  fraiu"  of  foliage,  and  throwing  ai'ound  them  an  artifi- 
cial setting  of  mamifactoi'ies  and  bazaars  that  rouse  in  the  intelliiient 
visitor  dee[)  feelings  of  regret  and  even  of  resentment. 

Till'  chasm  below  the  Cataract  depi'uds  t'or  its  iinpressiveness  largely 
iH)on  the  wooded  character  ol'  the  debris  slopes  and  the  maintaining 
of  a  fringe  of  \i'i'(lure  along  the  very  brink  ot"  the  preei[)iee.  Here, 
too,  those  elements  which  are  essential  to  the  perteclion  of  the  land- 
scape are  rajiidly  disappeai'ing.  Two  mills  and  a  brewery,  all  built, 
within  a  shoi't  time,  near  liie  b;ink  aliout  half  a  mile  below  the  Falls, 
warn  us  of  w  hat  i^  t'omiug. 

Froui  this  sketch  of  the  existing  state  of  the  surroundings  of 
Niagara,  it  will  be  seen  that  liltli'  remains  of  their  original  bi>auty, 
except  on  (Joat  Isl;ind,  whcic  the  pi'imitive  forest  still  stautls  as  it  ditl 
in  the  days  of  Father  Hennepin's  lirst  visit  to  the  great  cataract  in 
l<)71i.  'l  he  island  has  been  carefully  preserved  from  ••  improvement'' 
by  the  owners  (the  I'orti'r  i'amilv),  but  it  will  probal)ly  soon  pass  from 


1 
'II 


ii' 


L« 


1 


22 


[vSknatk, 


tlioir  hands,  owiiiu^  to  ;i  [)!ir<llioii  suit  now  in  [jro^ivss.  I  uvmIo  care- 
ful iu<[(iiry  couft  rniiii^  llic  iiatiu'c  oI'IIk^  |ir()|)()sals  for  purcliasc  which 
have  l)ccu  iuadc,  (o  ascertain  what  will  he  the  proltahle  fate  of  the 
Tshuul  when  it  is  sold,  liysonie  it  has  been  i)r()|)osed  to  cut  the  woods 
o(f  the  J>land,  and  nia.e  a  I'ace-eonrse  ol"  it  ;  others  think  it  a  favor- 
altle  site  tor  a  ureat  sunnner  hotel  ;  otheis  wish  to  maUe  a  ritle  ranm; 
upon  it.  while  another  and  more  [)ractical  party  suii'iicst  ciittini;-  a 
canal  down  the  centre  of  the  island  anel  huildinj;"  a  row  of  factories 
alonii'  its  fi'onl  ix'lween  the  American  and  Canadian  falls.  All  these, 
and  other  schemes  that  1  heard  (tf  in  connection  with  tin;  sale  of  th(^ 
Island,  conti'm[)late  the  destiiiction  of  this  one  remaining  piece  of 
uatixc  fore  st. 

I  hccamc  fully  cdiivinced  that  within  a  short  time,  mdess  the  State 
])U\s  (ioal  Island,  it  will  he  sold  to  some  one  who,  in  order  to  M'rur(; 
from  his  investment  a  u'(>oil  return,  will  make  the  Island  a  plac«'  of 
amusement  or  of  manufn'tuiin<r.  No  i)owci'  hut  that  of  the  Slate  can 
save  this  dcliu'hil'ul  spot  tVom  the  fate  which  has  overtaken  all  other 
pieces  of  lorc>t  around  the  Falls. 

It  remains,  then,  f  »r  us  to  consich'r  what  eould  ho  done,  by  State 
intervention,  to  restore  to  all  the  river  shores  somethinii"  of  their  origi- 
nal chaiacter. 

It  is  now  a  clearly  recognized  duly  oi"  goNcrnuuMits  to  reserve  from 
s:ile  [)arts  of  the  puldic  domain  that  contaiii  natural  fcatiu'cs  of  such 
unusual  character  as  to  he  ohjccts  of  interest  to  the  whole  world,  and 
Avho.se  perfection  m;iy  he  serionsly  m.arrcd  hy  private  ownei'ship.  Free 
enjoyment  of  \\\v>o  nolilesi  W();ks  of  nalnrc;  is  now  fell  to  I)e  one  of 
man's  nu)st  [trecious  pi'ivileges,  not  to  h'  abridged  by  private  rights 
or  greed  lor  gain.  Acting  on  this  principle  the  genei'.il  government 
in  1N(I,')  dispossessed  settler-  in  the  Vosemite  \ alley,  and  reserved  it 
for  the  Itenetit  ol"  the  pnblic.  A  great  tract  covering  the  region  of 
the  "I'ellow-tonc  ( icyscrs  has  also  been  designatcti  as  a  .National  I'ark, 
and  now  (he  land  (teenpied  by  the  Calilbrni.a  jJig  Trees  is  dedicated  to 
public  use.  The  State  of  \ew  ^'ork  also  h.is  taken  a  simil.ar  position 
)'es[tectinL;  the  beantil'ul  ULinds  ot'  Lake  (leorge. 

A  Inindred  ye.irs  ;il;(»  the  land  along  Niagara  rivei"  bclonge(l  to  lh(» 
Slate.  Fvery  one  le.ili/es  that  it  never  should  ha\e  been  sold;  but 
all  the  islands  and  a  bell  at  leat  a  (|iiai'ter  of  a  mile  l)road  and  live 
miles  long  should  have  been  kept  for  public  nse.  'i"he  error  in.ide  by 
the  State  in  [cirling  with  this  teri-itory  will  nevtsr  be  fully  repaired. 
Alnch  ol"  the  harm  done  is  irretrie\:il>le,  bnt  nnieh  can  e\cn  vet  bo 
aceouiplr-shed  at  a  lea.MMiable   expen.^e  to   re.store_the  lost  altnictions. 


their  li.'iiids,  owiiiiif  t' 
fill  iiii(iiiiy  coiuTii'' 

llUVO   1)1'IM1   lllilde, 

Islniid  when  it 
oil'  the   J>l;iii 
iiltlc  .site  To- 
upon   it, 
c'Miial   (' 
aloiiir 

.-111(1  0 

I.sIaiK 

iialiv 

I  I 

l)il\s 
tVoin 
aiiiiis 
>a\L' 

It 

illlclA 

iial  el 

It  i 

sale  \) 

iiiiii>ii 

AVll()S( 

enjoy 
Jiian'.'? 
or  HI 
in  I  Si 
lor  1 1 
tlic  V 
and  I 
piiltlit 

A  I 

Stale, 
all  th. 
miles 

111*'  Si 
.Mn.li 
accuii 


No.  37.J 


23 


(ioat  Isliiiul,  pmscrvod  liithorto  by  the  kindly  c;iro  of  the  Porters, 
may  still  ho  rescued  (Voni  Ixeoniiiig  either  a  mill  site  or  a  circus  ;  tho 
structures  may  he  swept  from  liath  Islaud  and  tho  Rapids,  and  tho 
spot  restored  hy  plant  inj^  to  it.s  former  heauty  ;  on  the  main  shore 
hy  tho  reuu)val  of  seven  <rood  huildin<rs  and  ton  of  little  value,  the 
river  front  of  Niagara  Village  may  he;  cleared  from  Port  Day  to  upper 
suspension  hi'idge,  giving  a  belt  of  public  land  a  mile  long  and  widen- 
ing from  lOU  feet  at  the  head  of  the  ra[)ids  to  80U  feet  broad  at  tho 
Falls,  where  most  room  is  needed  for  visitors. 

By  planting  this  strip  of  land  with  trees  the  whole  village  may  be 
shut  out  from  view — "planted  out" — and  tho  unsightly  walls,  tho 
sewer  mouths  and  wing  dams  replaced  by  natural  banks  like  those  of 
Goat  Isliind. 

To  mak(!  an  ed'cetuid  screen  of  trees  between  the  river  and  tho  viU 
liige  it  is  necessary  to  plant  the  toj)  ol"  the  terraee  which  is  approxi- 
mately followed  by  tiie  line  of  Canal  Street. 

After  careful  study  of  the  ground,  Mr.  Olmsted  and  I  are  of  opinion 
that  from  the  suspi'usiou  bridge  to  the  head  of  tht*  Kai)ids  tho  oast  side 
of  Canal  Street  should  be  the  boumlary  of  the  State  reservation  anil 
that  anv  narrower  belt  alonu"  this  part  of  the  liver  will  not  answer 
the  desii'i'd  purposes.  Tlit!  nnmlx'r  of  aci'es  to  be  pni'chased  woidd  bo 
al)()ut  77.  Prospect  Park  and  the  lots  east  of  it  would  bi^  included.  From 
the;  I'apids  up  to  Port  D  ly,  River  .Street  runs  along  the  water's  edge. 
The  stieet  is  so  broad,  (from  (iO  to  lOU  feet,)  that  room  is  given  for 
both  roadway  and  trees.  Control  of  the  street  should  be  assunuul  by 
the  Slate,  and  it  should  l)e  planted,  and  i)rotected  in  coimection  with 
the  lands  opposite  the  rM[)i(ls.  To  realize  the  total  change  that  tho 
carrying  out  of  this  plan  woidd  make  in  lheas[M'cts  of  Niagara,  those 
who  are  not  familiar  with  the  scene  may  compare  the  accompanying 
photograi)hs  of  the  village  shore  with  the  i)icturo  of  the  same  ground 
as  it  will  apix'ai'  when  restored,  accoidiiig  to  our  plan. 

We  recommend  also  that  the  .*-^tale  actjKire  title  to  I h"  debris-slopes 
under  the  dill'  from  the  Americnn  l.ills  to  the  raihoad  suspension 
bridge  for  the  [)inpose  of  [)i'es(Mving  and  restoring  the  woods  that 
border  this  [)art  of  the  river.  As  the  land  is  worthless  for  building, 
it  can  doubtless  be  obtained  for  little  or  nothing. 

^^'e  also  icconuuend  that  the  right  be  secured  to  |)lant  and  main- 
tain a  narrow  belt  of  tr(>es  with  a  walk  at  h':ist  a  mile  in  hMigth  along 
the  edge  of  th(>  clitr  below  lhi>  suspension  biidge.  This  phmted  belt 
need  not   be  over  twenty  live  or  thirty   fei  t   l)road.     Jts  trees   will 


i:J^ 


.1 


I 

I 


;i  > 


24  [Sknatk, 

clotlio  Iho  Icinvii  n;ik('(lii(-.«vs  ol"  tlic  rliircduc!  iiiul  |>:uliii!!y  kticu  out 
mills  jiiid  uiisiiilitly  .stiiichiu's  ridiii  llio  river  views,  jumI  at  ilu' siiino 
lime  Jillord  shade  lo  visit«)is  eiijoyiiij;-  tlie  piofoimd  impressions  of  tiii.s 
part  of  the  eha>m.  Tlie  State  lu'ed  not  luiy  the  land  init  (»n)y  st'curo 
a  liiiht  to  plant  and  preserve.  The  [)ro[»erty  helonu's  to  ihi'  llydraiiht! 
Tower  and  Canal  Company  and  is  to  Ite  ummI  lor  Mills.  The  walls  of 
Ihoso  mills  will  he  set  l»aeU  from  the  «'liir  (heir  wheel  pits  onlv  heinir 
«nid<  at  the  edue  of  the  precipice.  'I'hcre  will  he  few  of  the>e  pits, 
ami  they  can  he  ea>ily  hridiicd  for  I  he  piopox'd  walk.  The  l'i'e.«*i- 
dent  of  the  ('onii»any  owniuir  this  pi-operty  ha^  a.-snreu  nsthat  he  will 
Avillinu'ly  ctde  the  de>ired  riirht  to  the  Slate. 

l>y  refei'rinii'  to  the  aecon»[>aiiy in;;'  I'roperty  Map  of  Xiauara  Falls 
Villaire,  it  will  \\c  seen  that  a  nnm)>er  of  streets  aic  included 
in  the  i)roposed  rc.st-rvalion.  'I'he  Stale  has  full  power  to  take  po.-^es- 
sioll  of  those  wlu-ro  they  have  hern  accepted  and  helom:'  to  the  Nil- 
lage.  One  of  these  pnldic  streets,  \\'ater  Street,  has  heen  feneetl  jip 
anil  made  to  appear  as  part  of  l*rospei-t  Park,  hnl  it  is  clearly  the, 
right  of  the  village  ov  the  State  to  reopen  it,  a>  in  \X')'.\  and  l.Sll.S.  it 
"Wii-s  in  (hie  form  accepted  hy  the  village  (see  Proceed ini^s  of  N'illairo 
Trustees,  \'ol.  1.  p;iL;cs  -1^'^)  2il.")  ;  \'ol.  HI.  pa^es.  177.  1 7S.  ISO  and 
ISl),  and  at'ter  leual  trial  was.  in  1^71.  speri.ally  decided  hy  .Judge 
Danii'ls  to  he  ;i  i)nl>lic  highway. 

J  made  a  viay  c.ireful  in\('stig;itii>n  into  ijie  value  of  the  propei'ty 
covered  hy  our  plan  .and  had  the  prinei[tal  huildings  which  would  ho 
removed  ap|)iai>ed  liy  a  nio-t  e\|»,rienced  hiiilder,  who  wcait  tVom 
Alhany  ior  that  purpose.  The  rc>ulls  are  hefore  your  Poard,  hut  it 
is  evidently  impossible  for  me  lo  csiimale  what  the  properly  will  cost 
the  Stale  when  the  price  to  lie  paid  for  land  comleiinu'd  undt'r  llu^ 
right  of  eminent  iloniain  must  he  li.ved  I)y  a  commission. 

Jt  is.  however,  to  l>e  hoped  that  the  great  v.alue  to  the  loi'ality  of 
the  [iidijo.sed  ri'sei-vation  will  Ite  so  evident  to  all  that  leasoiiaWle 
prices  will  he  asked  ;  and  thai  a  project  which  should  appeal  to  tln^ 
pride  of  every  citizen  may  not  h-  degiadcd  in  [)ul)lic  estimation  hy 
being  made  a  ineaii>  of  private  gain. 

Jn  a  si)irit  of  patrioiism  what  remains  of  Niagara's  heanly  shouhl 
he  i)reserved  :  what  i>  lo-t  shoidd  he  restored.  Only  the  [)owcr  of 
the  State  can  accomplish  this. 

And  now  more  than  ever,  the  great  Cataract  is  the  property  ol  llu; 
Aviiole  people.  A  vi>it  to  the  I'alls  is  no  longer  the  luxury  ot"  the 
rich.      lv\cursion  ial«'s  on  the  railways  have  made  it  itossihlc  for  the 


I 


U 


--"ww^m^w' 


'l> 


It 


R>  V.    ^'fif  l\&gi;;.>s^-c 


i 


ij 


M 


I  \ 


\  i 


1 1. 


11 


clothe  {\n\ 
mills  and 
tiiiH*  alloi'i 
pail  of  ill 
ti  I'iirht  to 
J'owiT  aiK  .? 
tlu'M'  niilU 
MiiiU   al   t 
anil  lluy  - 

di'llt  of  ill 

Avillinuly  • 

I'.y  irftM. 
VillauT.    l-j,v 
ill  the  I'lo^';^ 
sioii  of  ill 
lauf.     <  >ii^ 
aiul  iiiiulo 
liulil  of  l)'J 
Avas  ill  (111 
TnisU'c: 
\S\).  aiiil' 
Daniels  to 
1  made 
covered  1) 
ieiiei\cd   . 
A II til ny  fo 
i>  i'\  idciit 
the  Slate 
riulit  t'f  c 
'it  i>.  Ik 

llic    l»lop(- 

urico  wil    \ 
ide  (tt   (.  ■ 


i;;:;;;::.;i^ii:i,K.«iP» 

III  a  sp 

1)1'   pH'xl" 

the  Statu 

And  lu 

Avliole  l»t'< 

li.li.     K.\ 


t 


•WIT' 


~1 


I 


I 


No. :{?.] 


'JD 


now  on    (io.Mt    I>l;iml    Imikcd    down  on    (lii>   lii'si    iccordcd  \i>il  of  a 
wliilc  luiin  to  the  l'"all>,  and  lia\('   rcmainditl  lln-  onl\   li\  int:  wil  noses 


ol"  tliioc  iin|tortant  >rt'nt'>  in  llic  diaina>  of  I'airopcan  confiiiot  in 
i\nirrica  wliidi  were  cnadt'd  al  tlii-<  all-ini|ioi'taiit  porlaur  in  tiic 
jiicat  ualcr  roulc  lo  liii'  licail  ol"  llic  conliiHiil.  'I'lic  >a\  ai;('  tliicl^ 
and  t'oni|n('iinL:'  i:fncrals.  ihc  liil>cs  and  amiif-  llial  nuncd  alon^'  this 
wclUUnown  tra(dv  from  ()nlaiio  and  lann-'hcd  ilicir  \  i'>^i'ls  o;  f  lie  ii\cr 
a'toNc  (ioal  l>!and.  aif  u'onc,  Iml  lliflri't-  thai  sliadowi  d  (lie  llashinu;' 
slnani.-lill  rt-niain  to  make  tiii'pa>l  real  and  hrini:'  \i\idi\  to  memory 
onr  w ondci  t'ul  piou'rcss. 

Is  it  w  i^r  to  allow  t  lie  dt  >t  laict  ion  ot"  tlicsc  li\  ini^'  nioninncnts  of  his- 
•         lor\  ?      N\  ill    Hot    po-Icril  V  jn>lly  -corn   a    u'dit'iat  ion  w  liitdi   ])t'fmits 
I         tlicm  to  '»•'  <Mit    down    to    make  way  lor   a    ra<c -roniM'   or   a    [)ara(lt- 
iiionnd  ? 

W'liiif  tin"  u'rral  tici-sof  (Joat  I-laml  li;i\('  stood  l;i>|  tlirtu^li  tlic 
ccnlnrio  >inr('  1  Icnnt'pin.-  vi-il  in  IiiTI'.  llir  l-'alK  tli(n!>td\(  s  liavr 
liTi'atlv  clianiicd,  I'cccdini:'  as  the  i()<d\>  arc  worn  away  liy  tlic  water. 
Ivxaetiv  where  the  l*'all>  stood  t  wo  hundred  yeai>  aiio  we  do  not  know. 
Tin'ir  |to>ii:on  at  diU'erent  period-  may  to  a  errtain  extent  he  eon- 
Jeelured  hy  what  we  know  of  the  reee»ioii  dinini:"  the  thirty-three 
year-  iVoin  I^IJ  to  l.sTA.  ( )wini:'  to  the  fore>i<:hi  of"  I'roi".  .lan/es 
Hall,  a  IriL^tiiK'nirirical  survey  of  Niai^ara  was  made  in  \>^\-2.  and  the 
I'l.'iijtinii'  111:4)  aeeompanied    hi-    report  to  th<'   State.      1  ha\i'  liad  the 


'^ 


hiMMlile.-l  eiti/en  to  sec  XiairMi'a.  and  more  tli.ui  ItiO.tMio  \  jsiloi-s  eamo 

(hi-  >eason.      The    heavy  loeal   exaelions  fall  most  oppres.-i\  ely  on  ihi' 

poor,  hut  to  the  wealthy  llM'y  are  -imply  aniioyinLi'.    While,  therefore, 

the  pl.an  of  a  Sl.ite  reservation  .appeals  to  the  lasle  .■nid   a'sthetie  eom- 

forl  of  the  lieli,  it    also    promises    relief  to    the    pocket    of  the    poorer  il 

eiti/en,  wi-hin;^'  lo  «'iiJoy  hi-  I'iuiits  in  our  eoimnon  inhei  itanet'. 

The  ni.aps  aecoinpanyinu  this  icport  show  the  plan  of  the  properly 
wliieli  .Mr.  ( )hn.-ted  :md  I  recommend  to  he  taken  l>\  the  .'<iate  and 
reserved  for  piihlie  ir-t-.  The  illir-t r.it ions  exhiliil  the  pre-  nl  a-p(els 
of  (he  nei_i:hl)orho(Ml  of  the  F.ill-.  and  an  ideal  view  of  the  American 
Falls  and  Ii.ipid-  aN  they  will  appe.ii'  il"  the  re-toialion  i-  c.'iri'ied  out. 
Allhonuh  tiiithl'id  in  the  iicner.'d  impie.-.-ion  conveyed,  sueh  ;i  view  can- 
Jiol,   of  course,   he  iiecur.ale  in  detail. 

i  have  appeinled    to  the   report  a    fae-imile  of  the  lir-l    printed    de- 

.scription  ol"  NinLiar;!    I''.ills   hy  an  e_\  e  witne.-s   ;nid    the  lir-l    piclui'c  of 

them  :    hoth  taken  i"rom    tie.'  lir-t  edition   of  i-'alhei'  Hennepin'.-  nai'ra- 

i        ti\e.        It    is    intere.-tini:'    lo    con-idcr  that  uianv  ol"  iIm'   tree-  slamlini:' 


tVi*- 


.1. 


MAP    SHOW'NG    Rh  CESS,  ON    OK   NIAGAF^A   FALLS    IN 

'- '       ,mVi    ,  t;.\.>' U  \  Lh     .-;,  RECTOR    N    > 


■/  ■■)■  lliiiiic<:l)r<t/f 


OHOrnLITHO-WAPMFO    FACSifiLl    J    aii» 


ljjLY'c'y/4v    /t'l    /Ai'    ~^f'<^^^/(r/<       >.   '^^yw// 


/ 


IV    1841 


FALLS    IN   33  YEARS    BF'^Wr, 


J  ;-■  ;     r  f  \  Q      •> 


\ 
\ 

\    \ 
i 


-  42 

// 

'     / 

/ 


■i^^ 


.v.«,^  ./ 


#?^, 


/ 


4^  J 


MV 


r^' 


<^.l 


\  ...L^aMte 


:     "^ 


C      \     ^        \      I) 


A 


.    V 


V> 


(Ou^APMFO    FACIIIMILt    J    Bir\     N    Y 


^/    .'^^>/u'//  ,>y^^    ^^^^//^  ^,.,//W 
m  i«4L'.       -^ 


!■  H  .  HlinkHi'7/    fnil  KiUfit/eiT 


20 


[Sknate,  No.  37.] 


in:ii)  roprodiK'cd,  ami  tlmwii  on  it  in  rod  Iho  position  of  llio  hrink  of 
the  Tails  in  l.s?."),  aroordini;  to  llir  liian<rnlalion  of  IIk;  United  Slates 
Jjiikv  Survey.  This  map  wliii-li  aeeompaiiies  my  report  shows  th(; 
niiexpi'eted  tact  that  tlie  Horse  Shoe  Falls  have  receded  in  places  KiO 
feet  dininu"  thirty-three  years,  and  that  a  lame  island  has  di>a[)i)eare(l 
which  formerly  exi>ted  in  tlie  midst  of  the  Canadian  IJapids.  These 
remarkahle  ph\>ieal  chaniiCs  are  of  d«'ep  interest,  :md  their  progress 
shonid  lie  w.atched  and  recorded  with  great  cai'c.  The  eoneliisions 
to  he  attained  liv  accmate  Lieolo^iic.al  >tiidv  of  the  rci^ion  oitcii  almost 
limille>s  views  into  I'ai-i'c.iching  vistas  of  the  continent's  physical  his- 
tory. 

W'hethei'.  then,  we  consider  Niagara  in  the  light  of  its  gloi-ions 
scenery,  swaying  the  imagination  of  the  world  and  drawing  to  its 
.shiine  more  visitors  than  any  other  ol"  natnre's  works,  oi-  wlietln'i'  we 
ingai'd  its  associations  with  American  hi>tory  and  the  deep  lessons 
that  it  can  teach  olearth's  changes  throngh  working  of  great  iiat:nal 
forces  :  in  either  \iew  it  is  wonderfni.  it  is  nnpai'aljeled,  it  is  price- 
less, lint  we  tind  ii>  trca>ni'e-  in  i  he  grasp  of  nioney-getici's,  and  its 
.sacred  groves  a»aile<l  l>y  the  axe  ol"the  mill-man  oi'  doecrated  by  the 
j)iirveyor  ot' pnMic  anmsement^  ;  ind  are  convinced  that  destruction 
ofthexcncry  will  l»c  swif't  and  certain  mdessthe  all-powerfnl  Stale 
shall  appear  a.^  the  procrver  of  Niaii;iia. 

W'rv  rc.>|)ccl  fnll\  >nlMnitIc(l. 

JA.MKS    r.  (iAKDNKIf, 

J  )/rr/,,r. 

^1  /r    Yotk  K>li(h_'  t'^iti'i'iH, 


"Wx^  ■t&.U-v-^-^^^-^ 


i 


.)l 


1    I 


1' 


\ 


liiiWfiriiiiiiiMiii 


iSimt^J.' 


s*V 


/ 


MAI*  OK 

MA(JAUA    FA  I,  I.  S 

siinwiM. 

nM)iM)si:i)  KKSKin'A'rioNs 

iMM)  1 1:< 'iioN  ()»••    rm-.   sci-.m'.kv 

M'l'HHM  II  IIV 
( OMMlSMOM.lfS  (II    Till' 

MAVYOUK   SIATK  Simi-A. 

\Mi      III 

in  n(i:si-.N  r.\  ivis  in   i  in; 
IMM)V1N(I'.   <)l'  O.N  TAIMO 

.IAMI>  T  i.\uiim:i( 

mil  (    I  111!   N   1         All-    SI  UM.1 

inT'.i. 


s(  .VI  I    nh    I      1.  I 


**i  \i-K  lit  Ml  t  itrs 


VI. K    (II     Mill  '^ 


N n  I  I'.  ^ 

II  ,,;,l.„l,  ....       ,-,,„.,.         I       ':  .,.!,■       .,(,..<.        .>         '/.■  ..,.(....  /., 

/.,.-■/:,.     '../    /.//.-..      '/'t.rl      >./    .rl         n.l  ,, iu.'il     '.■    ih,      l.i.i     •■/     ih,- 

.\,,„,.,,         .,1    I,;.. I /.,./.      >,.•..,/  .''../    .iA.'i.    il,r  :,i,f  .1  I..I.     I'm,,,,,, 

;  »../..,;.     ...,      ...,.       .,..     (     .,.  I.      I 

.,l.,„r      .„.     .,       ...,.(.      /.I  (..,.(..,.(     /•,•.„,„,.,/■    ,1/    7 ,. 

^,^  ..    /  .ii..,.,.i  /.ir. ......  ./. /•.    i-.»  t.,,,,,,,-,,  i   />.„....,... 


.   '  .    ,...,/.   ,v    ,:;.i,,.l.  .1    l„    I  .  ... 

.1/../.  V,,.,,..,..  i:,ii.  >..  ,„    ,,..,r 

.1/../..  '■  llU'in  tfinff  <;..;. V   ..#■/■,..,. 

r    s    .  ...    .1.  /.'(r.; 


,;.„.,   //..■  (    -  /.,.;..  .v,....i 

•  il.  ,1     .imlii    III,    ..../...  ../ 

/;..,/  lti,.,„.i,,-i    '..■...  •... 


RIDGE 


1         N  .^^"^    ^T'" 


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o/  wo 


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rnrA 


MAI'     OF 
MAC  AH  A  FAl.LS 


noit: 

.SifTdofii.    markrd  i.    ■'•'•    (ic—niMrfi  i    ntiW 

I'HN"!   n  '/    sfoni-   HON'    o/'  Siiitf    (Jco/og'- 
irt/l    Siii'vev   pfoji"' '  Mif    ahn  I'    Jinrliex 
ub'ive    (he    •iiin*'nrr'   "f   fhf-     e'^'""<'^ 

ll'S'Z  II    simildr     to    T^S"! 

Alioil     H     U    I  ilfipf  •    /)o/l     IM      IWII'll      crii'Ios- 

pd   \n   It  tilp,  li'^r'l    \>tth    *hf    •tiii'fiun  of 

.S'"'lVci'id  V   are       i  li    hnlm    in    ihr 
i'l  U ml     «-ifh     leiud  ■ 

It]    itiitiils    i>*(»?'l'     II'-   priTllllefi    on     fTf'M.'*^ 
oC  ?/ni-5»>   .S/i(ir  /'(il     'inrf    ill    nri    .4tin'i'- 
K'C'i     Ml/'    »iMi    I'l'r.T'fui'H    (o    rli^.ip   f>e»'- 
iiiciMf'Mf    rM</rfcs  ,     ■  '(    rifi'    f}fiihiifi\y 
lorrvi'l    MMlhm    (■■  .    f'oet . 


s 


SC.M.K.    OK   MKIKKS 


\ 

I 


in;i|)  rcprotliKicd 
Ihr  hills  ill  187 
Liikc  Siirvfy. 
iiiicvpi'ctc'd  fiu^t 
feet  liiiiini.''  tliir 
wliiili  I'oniurly 
ri'iii!irl\;i">lt'  \>\iy 

tsllOllltj   lit"  w.itcl 

to  he  iiltiiiiu'd  I 
limillcN-.  \i«'\v8  : 
toiy. 

Wlictli.r.  tli< 
Sfciifi'V .  >\v;iyii! 
tjliiiii''  iiitiit'  vi.- 
r«'ii:ir<i  il>   '"i^wo 
thai  it  can  teat 
t'orct'M  :    in  t'ith 
loss.      l»iil  we  1 
.sacictl  i:r()ve8  : 
))iiiv<  ynr  ol"  pi 
ol"  lln'  xfiKi'V 
shall  appear  «; 


T 


:»fc 


■^"BgMhiJaWfcwi^ft^-  • 


-  tfcix 


I 


:»fc 


JS'OTKS  I'.V  .MIt.  OI.MSTKI). 


I!  I 


i 


' 


Tilt'  f''\v  iidtfs  wliicli  I  |irniio?ip  to  appciid  to  "Sir.  fi.iriliH'r's  roport 
will  111'  ijircrfctl  tti  !i  >iiij^l('  |Miiiit. 

'riit'iT  an-  tlio-t',  ainl  I  Irar  flmt  iiio-^t  of  flic  iifojilc  ^,f  Niay^ara  aio 
aiMoii',''  tlii'iii,  to  whom  if  ainn-ar."!  that  flit'  waffirall  have  mo  sn|irt;iiii'  an 
iiiti'ic-it  to  till'  piililic  that  what  ha|«|"'ii<  r(»  the  ailjoiniii^--  sct'in-ry  i~  n|* 
tiiilitii,''  roii>('i|ii(Mici'.  WiTt'  all  till'  tri'c-  cut.  away.  i|iiarrirs  ii|ifio'i|  in 
till'  led::!'.-,  fill'  iiaiilsM  packcil  with  luitrl-.  ;iii(I  r.iitdrit's.  and  cvt'iy  rhaiii't'- 
ippi'ii  spare  niTiipii'il  liy  ji  circiis  fciif.  the  tails  winild  .■'fill,  tli('.>t'  tliiid\, 
iliaw  fin'  wmld  tu  fln-iii.  \\  liaffvcr  li.is  Im-imi  dmn'  to  the  injury  of  flio 
M'cncry  lia.s  Iwcn  donf,  >ay  tlicy.  with  fin-  niotivoMr  prolif,  and  tin'  jii'nlit, 
rcali/i'd  is  fho  piililii'V  \rrdicf  ot  acipiittnl. 

It,  must  he  (•on>idi'nMl,  tln'rororc,  that  the  piil)lii'  lia.s  not.  had  tin;  ra^o 
fairly  licfoit'  it. 

Tin'  ^rt'af  li-idy  (»f  visitors  to  Niaiiara  conn*  a^  straiiiri'is.  'I'hi'ir  nnivt>- 
nn-nts  aii'  nci'o.-^ai'ily  fonfinllcd  l>y  tin-  arfan^i'iin'iit.s  niadi'  lor  thom. 
Tln-y  take  what  is  oiVi'icd,  and  pay  what  is  rtipiircd  with  little  fxcrcist! 
of  rhoii'i'.  Till'  I'act  that  they  aci'i-pt  tin-  ariaii;^i'iiii'nts  is  ini  cv  idonct;  of 
tlii'ir  a]ipro\al. 

T/ii  rml  iiiiditiiin  m,  //<<;/',  in  Ihf  luini  run,  is  lln'  ij)  mrttl  tx/n'rii  iifi'  nf  vlsil- 
ii)\i  iijf'tiidi  III/  miiisiii'is  ttml  miiri^i'S  irltich  tire  i/t  /<  iiiiiiii>l  inlh  no  rtij(ir<l  to 
till   nilliiiiiir  i>f  till  SCI  III  1-1/  ! 

I  Inivo  Miy."'t'ir  Im'cii  an  ni'ca-innal  \  i^ifor  at  NiaLi'ara  lui'  rorty-livr  years. 
INIy  attention  was  tii^t  called  te  the  rapidly  appiiiachini^-  ruin  nl"  its 
I  h  iracteri-tic  scenery  liy  Mr.  I"'.  !•".  ('hiirch,  alimil  fen  years  a^n. 
SliKiily  ;irtcrward>,  sevi-ral  ^'entleinen.  tVi'ipienter-<  nf  the  l''alls,  met  at 
my  reijin'sf.  to  cun-ider  this  dant^ei'.  one  ul  them  liein^-  ;i  nn-mlier  of  the 
Cnniini-siiin  now  re|ioitini:  on  the  sohjecf.  I  have  thus  had  Ixith  occa.->ion 
and  nppnrtnnify  I'nr  olisei  vinir  the  changed  course.-  info  which  ihe  piilijic 
lias  lieen  gradually  led  and  of  .-«tudyin^-  these  courses  and  their  results. 

When  the  arranp'ments  hy  which  xi.iitois  were  cnndiicted  were  yet, 
.simple;  when  there  were  lew  carriai^es,  and  these  little  used;  when 
a  visit,  fu  the  h'alls  was  a  series  of  expedif i.uis,  niid  in  each  (Wpeditioii 
hciins  were  (icciipied  in  wandering;  slowly  anmn::  the  trees,  ^i-oine  from 
place  tu  place,  with  many  intervals  oC  rest,  there  was  net  only  a 
much  ;_'|eiiter  de::ree  of  enjnyuient,  there  wa>  a  dlllerent  kind  ot"  eiijo)-- 
ineiit  I'liini  any  now  een,.] ;i||y  dlitjiiiieil.  l'eii|i|e,  then,  weie  Intli  to  leave 
the  place;  many  lini;ered  on  IVom  day  today  al'tei'  tiny  had  piepaied 
to  e,,,  revisiting'  ground  they  had  gone  uvi'r  before,  turning  and  return- 


^ 

I  p 
! 


'  t! 


f.\\ 


j'  i 


i'  I  if 


~\ 


28 


[Sknatk, 


'    li 


I     1 


i 


inir:  iiiid  wliiMi  tli<\v  wont  avvny  it  was  with  ^^natt'l'iil  lioarts  ami  ::ratt'l'iil 

Woiils. 

Tilt'  cliaiiirc  (Vom  tliis  to  wlial  i-  (ic.-ciilMMl  in  the  sccniid  st'ctinn  of  llio 

('()mini>>inn('i>'  H'pDit    lia>   1 ii  Liia'lual   ami.  wliilf  Miiiii'tliiiitr  iiiii>t    In; 

attriliiitt'd  to  moiifiii  case  of  travel,  a  ^rt-atfc  inlliix  of  \i-«iioi'.s  mihI  to 
Imliits  of  (|iii(k('r  inovt'iiit'iit  and  ^icatrr  ii'>lli's>iit'?>s ;  iiiiicli  must,  also 
lit!  I't'lViT'-d  to  flit'  I'lii't  that  visitors  ait*  so  iiiiich  iiioi'f  coirxtraiin'il  to  Im» 
^niith'd  and  in>tnictt'd,  tti  Itf  li-d  and  >to|>|M't|,  to  lit-  "[iiil  thnm^^h,"  an<l 
so  littU'  loft  to  natnral  and  lit'altliy  imlividual  intnitions. 

Thf  aim  to  makt*  mont>y  hy  tlif  >ho\vmMn's  nifthods;  tin*  idea  that. 
Ts'iaiiaia  is  a  s|ii'ctafiilar  antl  st-nsational  fxliiliition,  of  whiili  ropt'-walk- 
in^"",  tlivinu",  hrass  hands,  lirt.'works  and  various  "  >ith'->liows"  arc  a|)|>rtt- 
jiiiat(!  :i('<'oni|ianinu'nts,  is  .•«tt  int'scntt'il  to  the  visitttr  tliat  hf  i*  ftiicftl  ft) 
yit'ld  to  it,  ami  stM'  am!  ffi-i  littU'  clsf  than  that  |irtv.t'iilii'd  to  liim. 

Hut  all  tilt'  tinit!  iIu'H'  art>  soiuf  who,  hi'i-ansc  tit"  liftttT  int'ormaiitm  ami 
op|iort  unit  it's,  and  as  thf  ifsnlt  tif  [iifvioiis  trainini:.  p-t  thf  lifttfrof  thin 
dillifiilty,  and  to  thfsf  thf  old  tliavm  i'fmain<.  Takf,  as  an  ilhi.->tiatioii, 
thf  f  .\|pfrif  ni'i  A'  thf  writf"  of  tin*  t'ollowini;  iia»aL:f.  It  i~  that  til' ji 
man  wlio  ha-;  tfavflctl  f\tfnsi\"ly  for  thf  fxprt'ss  |iuiiio>f  of  tili-M-rv  intc 
scfuiTy  and  ctinipaiini;  thf  valuf.  a,  tit- tf imim'tl  liy  thf  inlhifncf  on  tlio 
imaiiination.  of  ilill'i'iiMit  typfs  tif -M'f  mi'y.  It  i->  ifcordfil  in  a  Ijtilf  imolv 
whifh  ti'fats  moi-f  fspfcially  of  tin-  -ffin-iy  of  tin-  .\\\<^  an<l  tif  what  am 
•Ifsimiatfd   "natiii'f's  L^•l^dfns"  anion::    thfin."'^      Hut    says    tin;   antlmr: 

'•  Till' nolilosf  of  natiirf's  Liartlfii-' that  I  lia\  c  yf  I  M-fn  is  that  of  thf  siir- 
ronmliii;4s  ami  iif io-liliovliood  of  tin  h'alls  of  Niai^ara.  (iraml  a<  aif  tlm 
colossal  falls,  thf  rapiiN  ami  thf  I'onr.-f  of  thf  rivfr  foi-  a  i'on>it|f laMo 
distaiii'f  aliovf  and  lu'low  iitissf>s  inorf  inlfrcst.  and  hfaiity. 

"As  tif  rivt'r  i'oiir>f>  far  liflow  thf  falh,  fonlim'd  i>i'twffn  vast  wallfj 
of  rofk  — thf  tif  ar  wator  of  a  pf  fiiliar  li;^lit-<,Mi't!ni>h  hiif ,  ami  w  hitf  hf  ro 
and  thi-rf  with  fircifts  of  vft  imsootlii-ii  foam -thf  flVfft  i-  >tartlin^dy 
lifaiitifiil,  ipiilf  apart,  from  thf  falU.  Thf  liiuli  flill-  ai'f  frf.-tfil 
witli  wool-;  till'  ruins  of  thf  Lii'f.i'  rofk  wall>  fonniny  widi-.  irn't;uKir 
lianl\>  lM';wffii  thfin  and  thf  w.ttfi-,  aif  al-o  !• '.iiitifiilly  floihfd  with 
Wood  to  llif  rivf r's  fdi^f,  oftfii  Ml  far  liflow  that  you  soiiiftiuif-  look  IVoiii 
thf  iippfr  Iniiik  down  on  tli  '  top  of  tall  piiif-  that  s-i'iii  tlimini.>lifil  in 
yi/f.  Thf  wild  \inrs  srramlih'  atnoii;^  thf  tiffs;  ni.iiiy  .-hiulis  and 
(lowfrs  M'am  tin-  hii;li  rm-ks  ;  in  moist  .-|iots,  hfrf  antl  tlint'  a  sharp  fvo 
mav  ilf  tfit  man  V  lloui'ird  tufl>  oi'  thf  lifauti  fill  fiinifftl  (if  nlian,  .-Iraiiyo 
to  I'luropiMii  fVfs  ;  ami  lifVond  all,  ami  at  thf  iippfr  finl  tif  thf  wooil- 
finlioWf  ii'il  th'fp  rivfi'  lifil.  a  portion  tif  tin'  t  low  niiii:  ^lorv  of  tlm 
.sffiif  thf  falls-  a  \a.-t  dill'  of  illiiminalfil  fo.ani.  with  a  /.oiif  ttiwanl.s 
its  upper  ftl::t'  as  of  m|,.,.||  nmlti-n  ,::la.-<s.  AIhim'  thf  fall>  tif  -foiif  is 
ipiitf  tliMorfiit.  A  widf  and  iifairfiil  rivf r  I'arry iiii:  thf  .-urplus  walors 
of  an  iiilaml  st-a,  till  it  ::railually  lind^  itsflf  in  thf  foils  of  thf  rapiil.-, 
and  is  soon  l.a^lfil  into  siifli  a  lurnioil  as  Wf  mit^hl  fxpfd  if  a  ilo/fii 
iinpolliitftl  Shannons  or  Sfinf-  wni'  lumiiii;;  a  raff  to^lfllf r.  A  rivi-r 
no  inorf,  luit  a  sfa  iinrfiiifd.  Hy  w;ilkiii;i-  alioiif  a  niilf  .alioM'  thf  falls 
on  thf  ( "an.atli.an  >-horf  this  ftl'fft  i--  linoly  .-ffii.  thf  liifadlh  of  thf  ri\i'r 
Iflpiii;:  to  fairy  out  thf  illusion.  As  thf  ^ri'at  wa<tf  of  w  itfi.>  ilf  scfiid.s 
frtim  iis  tl.ark  ,::rfy  and  smooth  Ih-iI  ami  f.ilU  whilfniiiL:  iiit<i  fotim,  it 
sffins  as  if  tiilf  .iflrr  tidf  wfH'  ^alf-lifap'-d  oif  mi  aifilfrtin  a  .-fa 
>ti'and.      Thf   i-lamU    iu-t    aliiM'    tin-    fall-   oii.ililf  oif    tti   .-land    in    llif 


.\:|MII1'   I   IliVHI  -     l.v    W  llil.llll    liillllll-IIM,    I'      1.      -        I..iim|iiii       .lullll    Mill  •;(\  .    |,s7.i 


PLATE     X 


t  I 


IN       Mil-;     W  I  M)  1)  ,-,     ,  ,  I-      1  ,  I  '  A  1      1  .^  1.  A  N  b 


J 


It   i 


II 


No.  :{7.] 


21) 


liiiflst  (if  tln*st>  rMjiiilM.  wlit'i't'  tln'V  rii'^li  l>y  I.i-lird  liitn  pnsMiniiutt'  Ii:isti'; 
now  Itoiliii;.'^  nvfi'  ."oiiii'  liiiMt'ii  .•'\vflliii^''s  in  tin*  incUy  Im'iI,  nr  ilii'-liin^'' 
over  ^Tfiitcr  l>iit  yi't  irnl<l»'ii  »ili.>.f nirflnns  with  Mifli  lorn'  fluit  iIh-  cii'^f  of 
tilt!  ii|iiirtfil  nl.■l^s  \s  t|iiflli('(|  iilioiit  at  iVci'ly  a-*  u  wliitt*  cliar^^fi'.-i  inaiio; 
now  tIarUly  fallin^'^  into  a  c.ivity  M'vnal  yanls  ln-low  tlic  Icvi'l  of  tli<! 
sMtioiintlin^-  water,  and,   wlicii   iinolwtiiicti'il,  >iif;;in',''  liy  in  «'onntl«'H.s 

fiMii'.s  to  tilt' lnisf-(■^l•^<t^'(l  Tails  lii'low;  anti  so  ra|ii'lly  that  tin'  ilril'tw 1 

tla-^lit'r*  tin  swift  as  swallow  on  tin*  win;;.  rii(ri>liirlH'il  in  tlifir  |it';i<'fliil 
MliaiJiiit'ss,  ^iarlamli'il  with  wild  vine  and  wiM  llowfis.  tho  i^^lainls  staml 
in  till'  midst  of  all  this  liiTft' foininotlon  of  wafers  —  Im'Iow,  tin*  vast, 
cvci-niiniiif,'"  falls;  aliovf,  a  fomiiliration  of  torn-nts  that  sfi'in  liftfd  tt» 
wi'ar  away  iron  slmri's ;  yi't  fhiTf  they  staml,  safi'  as  if  tin-  .■«|>irit  of 
beauty  hail  in  nifi'fy  oxtMiiptt'd  tln'in  from  dfiay.  Si'vcrul  i«li't«  iiii'  so 
wmall  that  it  is  n-ally  rt'iiiai  Ualili-  Imw  tln'y  sii|i|iort  \r^i'tation  ;  tun', 
lookin;;'  no  l>i^X''''  ''"'"  n  wasliiii;:-tiil.,  not  only  holds  its  own  in  tin'  vi-ry 
tliifk  of  tlitf  torrtMit.s  just  iihovo  tht>  falls,  Imt  aftually  hfars  a  small 
foit'st,  ini'liidiiii:  I'll!'  strirki'ii  and  half  last-ilown  piin'.  Mi>st  fortiinati' 
is  it  that  tln-sc  licaiitifully  vi-iilaiit  inlands  and  isli-t.s  orriir  just  aliovo 
tho  falls,  ailtling  imnu-'asurahly  tt)  iho  oll'oct  of  the  scene." 


i 


I  liHvo   s|ioki'n    of  tlit»   ilisthirtiiv  charms  of  Nia^'ariv  sfoiuM-y 


If  it 


w 


I'l'i*    |ios-;ili|(.    to   have   the   sam 


e    ciiiii 


litioii-    di  tallied    from    the    fall- 


(which  it  is  not.  as  I  shall  -how),  Niai^aia  would  still  lie  a  place  of  sing- 
ular fascinatii>ii  ;   |Mi>sii>ly  to  some,  n|ion  whom  the  falls  have  a  terrily- 


inu  I 


IVect, 


even  more  so  than  it  is  now, 


Sayiny  nothin;;  of  the  inliniiely  varied  heaiities  of  water  and  spray, 
iind  of  water-worn  rock,  I  will,  for  a  |iiiri)o.st!,  inenthm  a  few  elemeiit.s 
which  fontriliiite  to  thi-  tlistiuctive  chaiiii. 

The  eiaiiient  I'lii^lish  hotaiiist,  Sir  .loseph  Hooker,  has  said  tiiat  hi! 
fonnd  ii|ion  (ioat  Islainl  a  ^ireater  variety  of  ve;^etation  within  a  i^iven 
hpace  than  anywheri!  in  Mnro[tt',  or  east,  of  the  Sierras,  in  Anieiica; 
lid   the    lirst   of    American    hotanists,    Dr.   Asa  (iray,  has   repeated   tin 


a 


statement. 


lave    IcpIIowi'i 


I  the  Apalachiaii  chain  almost  from  end  to 
end,  antI  traveleil  on  horsehaek,  *'  in  seureh  of  tin-  pictiirt'st|iie,"  over  four 
thoiisaiid  miles  of  the  iiio.-t  prninisiiii.'-  parts  of  the  cnntinent  without  lind- 


III' 


ewliere    the   same   ipia 


litv 


III    loiest   heaillv  wliicli  was  once  alum 


tiant   alxnit  the  falls,  ami  which   is  still  to  lu»  ohserved    in   th 


arts  of 


(coat  Island  wlieii'  the  oiitrinal  ^M'owth  of  trees  and  shnilis  has  not  hecn 
tlistiirlieil,  and  where,  from  oaviii^  banks,  tree.s  are  not  now  e.\[iosed  to 
o.\i'essivt>  tlryness  at  the  root. 

Nor  have  I  found  any  where  else  such  tender  effects  of  folia;.'e  as  wero 
once  to  lie  ;^eeii  in  the  draperv  haii<.,'^in'''  down  the  wall  of  rock  on  tim 
Amerifan  shore  lielowfhe  fall,  and  rolling;"  up  the  slope  lielow  it,  or  with 
that  still  to  he  seen  in  a  favoialili'  season  and  under  favorahle  li^difs,  on 
the  Canadian  steeps  and  craj.-'s  hefweeii  the  falls  and  the  ferry 


All    these    tlistiiM  tiv('   iiiialitie 


ilie  LMt'at  variety  of  the   iiitli-'eiioiis 


pert'iinials  and  annuals,  tlit!  rare  beauty  of  the  old  woods,  and  the  exceed- 
in;.''  loveliness  of  the  rock  foliaL;e,  I  believe  to  be  a  direct  elVect  of  tho 
falls,  ami  as  much  a  [lart  of  its  majesty  as  tin?  mist-cloiid  and  the  rain- 
bow. 

They  are  all,  as  it  appt>ars  to  nit\  to  be  explained  by  the  lirciinistance 
that  at  two  [leriods  of  the  year  when  tho  nurlhorn  American  iViresl  elao- 


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WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

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[Senate,  No.  37.] 


where  is  liable  to  snrt'er  actual  constitutional  depressions,  that  of 
Nia«j!-ara  is  itssured  against  like  ills,  and  thus  retains  youthful  luxuriance 
to  an  uiiusiuil  age. 

First,  the  masses  of  ice,  which,  every  winter  are  piled  to  a  great 
height  below  the  falls,  and  the  great  rusliing  body  of  ice-cold  water 
coming  from  the  northern  lakes  in  the  s[)ring,  prevent  at  Niagara  the 
hardship  under  which  trees  elsewhere  often  sutler  through  sudden 
checks  to  premature  growth  ;  and,  second,  when  droughts  elsewhere 
occur,  as  they  do,  every  few  years,  of  such  severity  that  trees  in  full 
foliage  droop  and  dwindle,  and  even  sometimes  cast  their  leaves,  the 
atmosphere  at  Niagara  is  more  or  less  moistened  by  the  constantly 
evaporating  spray  of  the  falls,  and  in  certain  situations  frequently 
bathed  by  drifting  clouds  of  mist. 

Something  of  the  beauty  of  the  lianging  foliage  below  the  falls  is  also 
probably  due  to  the  fact,  that  the  effect  of  tlie  frozen  spray  upon  it  is 
equivalent  to  the  horticultural  process  of  "  shortening  in ;  "  compelling  a 
denser  and  closer  growth  than  is,  under  other  circumstances,  natural. 


Reference  is  made  at  page  9,  of  the  Commissioners'  report,  to  a  marvel- 
ous effect  in  scenery  above  the  Falls.  It  is  that  to  which  the  following 
account  by  the  Duke  of  Argyle  applies : 

"The  river  Niagara,  above  the  falls,  runs  in  a  channel  very  broad, 
and  very  little  depressed  below  the  general  level  of  the  country.  But 
there  is  a  steep  declivity  in  the  bed  of  the  stream  for  a  considerable  dis- 
tance above  the  precipice,  and  this  constitutes  what  are  calle(i  the  rapids. 
The  consequence  is  that  when  we  stand  at  any  point  near  the  edge  of 
the  Falls,  and  look  up  the  course  of  the  stream,  the  foaming  waters  of 
the  rajjids  constitute  the  sky  line.  No  indication  of  land  is  visible — • 
nothing  to  express  the  fact  that  we  are  looking  at  a  river.  The  crests  of 
the  breakers,  the  leaping  and  the  rushing  of  the  waters,  are  still  seen 
against  the  clouds,  as  tliey  are  seen  in  the  ocean,  when  the  ship  from 
•which  we  look  is  in  the  trough  of  the  sea.  It  is  impossible  to  resist  the 
effect  on  the  inuigination.  It  is  as  if  the  fountains  of  the  gveiit  deep 
were  being  broken  up,  and  that  a  new  deluge  were  coming  on  the  world. 
The  impression  is  rather  increased  than  diminished,  by  the  perspective 
of  the  low  wooded  banks  on  either  shore,  running  down  to  a  vanishing' 
point  and  seeming  to  be  lost  in  the  advancing  waters.  An  apparently 
shoreless  sea  tumbling  toward  one  is  a  very  grand  and  a  very  awful 
sight.  Forgetting,  then,  what  one  knows,  and  giving  oneself  to  what  one 
only  sees,  I  do  not  know  that  there  is  anytliing  in  nature  more  majestic 
than  the  view  of  the  rapids  above  tlie  falls  of  Niagara." 

FREDERICK  LAW  OLMSTED. 


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!i;j| 


MEMORI^^^L 


ADDKKSSED  TO 


The  Governor  of  New  York, 


AND 


THE  GOVERNOR-GENERAL  OF  CANADA. 


To  ALONZO  B.  CORNELL,  Governor  of  the  Slate  of  New  York: 

The  uiRlersigucil,  citizens  of  several  states  and  conntries,  address 
you  ))y  reason  of  the  suggestion  lately  made  by  Loud  DuFrEuiN,  that 
the  State  of  New  York  and  the  Dominion  of  Canada  should  secure 
and  hold,  for  the  world's  good,  the  lands  adjacent  to  the  Falls  of 
Niagara. 

The  Falls  of  Niagara  are  peculiarly  exposed  to  disastrous  injury. 
The  heights  of  snow,  the  precipitous  crags  of  great  monntains,  how-  • 
ever  they  may  be  disfigured  by  man,  can  rarely  be  applied  to  uses 
which  would  destroy  their  sublimity.  But  should  the  islands  and 
declivities  of  the  JViagara  Kiver  be  stripped  of  their  natural  woods, 
and  occupied  for  manufacturing  and  business  purposes  ;  should  even 
the  position,  size,  and  form  of  the  constructions  which  the  accommoda- 
tion of  visitors  Avill  call  for,  continue  to  be  regulated  solely  by  the 
pecuniary  interests  of  numerous  individual  land-owners,  the  loss  to  the 
world  will  be  great  and  irreparable.  The  danger  may  be  measured 
by  what  has  already  occurred.  The  river's  banks  are  denuded  of  the 
noble  forest  by  which  they  were  originally  covered,  are  degraded  by 
incongruous  and  unworthy  structures,  uiade,  for  advertising  purposes, 
willfully  conspicuous  and  obtrusive,  and  the  visitor's  attention  is 
diverted  from  scenes  to  the  influence  of  which  he  w^ould  gladly  sur- 
render himself,  by  demands  for  tolls  and  fees,  and  the  offer  of  services 
most  of  which  he  would  prefer  to  avoid. 

Objects  of  great  natural  beauty  and  grandeur  are  among  the  most 


m 


\\    nil 


i      '  ril 


■«*...  J 


J 


132 


[Senate, 


i    I 


ii 


I'  'it 


Viiliiahle  irifts  wliicli  rrovidcnco  has  boslowod  upon  our  race,  Tho 
('()iil('m[)latioii  of  (liciu  elevates  ami  iufonns  the  hiiinaii  uiid(M-staii(liii<;. 
Thev  arc  iiislruiiu'iit.s  of  education.  1'h(>v  eoiuhu'c  to  tho  order  of 
society.  Thoy  achli'ess  sentiineiits  whicli  are  uiiiver.sah  Thoy  draw 
toirether  men  of  all  races,  and  thus  contribute  to  tho  union  and  the 
peace  of  nations. 

The  sni»ue-.(ion,  therefore,  that  an  object  of  this  class  so  unparalleled 
ys  the  Falls  of  Xiagai'a  should  l)o  [)laced  under  the  joint  <jjuardianship 
of  the  two  governments  whose  chief  magistrates  wo  have  the  hon<.r  to 
addi-ess,  is  ii  proper  concern  of  the  civilized  world,  and  we  respectfully 
ask  that  it  may,  by  appropriate  methods,  be  conunended  to  the  wiso 
consideration  of  the  Legislature  of  New  York. 

A  similar  memorial  has  been  adtlressed  to  the  Governor-General  of 
Canada. 

W.  A.  WiiEELEii,  Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 

Alkx.  Ramskv,  Secretary  of  War  of  the  United  States. 

jNI.  \{.  NVaiti:,  Chief  Justice  U.  S.  Supremo  Court. 

Natifan  Cliffoho,  Associate  Justice  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 

N.  II.  SwAVXE,  Associate  Justice  U.  S.  Su^n-eme  Court. 

Stei'IIEx  J.  Field,  Associate  Justice  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 

JosEi'H  r.  BuADLEY,  Associate  J usl icc  U.  S.  Supremo  Court. 

Joirx  M.  Harlan,  Associate  Justice  U.  S.  Su[)reme  Court. 

AV.  S'l'iioxcr,  Associate  Justice  U.  S.  Su[)renie  Court. 

Sa:\[.  F.  Miller.  Associate  Justice  U.  S.  Su[)rcmo  Court. 

A.  A.  I)(UUOX,  Chief  Justice  Court  of  Appeals,  Canada. 

S.  C.  MoxK.  Judge  Queen's  liench. 

A.  E.  P>urxside,  U.  S.  Senate. 

J.  G.  lU.ALX,  U.  S.  Senate. 

JrsTix  S.  Morrill,  U.  S.  Senate. 

II.  H.  AxTHDXv,  U.  S.  Senate. 

J.  I).  Cameijox,  U.  S.  Senate. 

AV.  B.  Allisox,  U.  S.  Senate. 

INIat.  II.  Carpexter,  U.  S.  Senate. 

Joiix  James  Ixoalls.  U.  S.  Senate. 

David  1>.  Porter,  Admiral,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Houghton. 

IIeay. 

Louis  Mallet. 

John  Lubhock. 

J.  F.  Stei'iiex. 


1'', 


No.  37.] 


33 


lio 

'A- 
of 

l\V 

ho 


'P 
to 

ly 

iso 


of 


' 


IIirr.H  Allkx. 
Fkancis  IIixcks. 

GK<>li<iK  C.  liltODKICK,  M.  P. 

M.  E.  GiJANT  Duff,  M.  P. 

K.  \V.  Hanbury,  M.  p. 

AV.  K.  Gkkg,  M.  p. 

Thomas  Caklyle. 

John  Ruskix. 

F.  Max  Muller,  University  of  Oxford. 

B.  JowETT,  University  of  Oxford. 

Hexuy  J.  S3HT1I,  University  of  Oxford. 

Leslie  Stei'iiex. 

FuEDEiacK  IIaurisox. 

R.  Waldo  Emersox. 

Henry  W.  Loxofellow. 

James  Russell  Lowell. 

JOIIX    G.  WlHTTIER. 

Joiix  G.  Palfrey. 
Francis  ]^vRIOIAN. 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes. 
Asa  Gray. 
Alex.  Agassiz. 

Clarexce  Kixo,  Director  United  States  Geological  Survey. 
w.  d.  iiowells. 
Charles  Eliot  Norton. 
F.  J.  Child. 

John,  Cardinal  McCloskey,  Archbishop  of  New  York. 
Horatio  Seymour. 
e.  d.  jniohgan. 
TiiuRLOw  Weed. 
John  Jay. 
Geo.  W.  Schuyler. 
S.  B.  Chittenden,  M.  C. 
S.  S.  Cox,  M.  C. 
W.  D.  Kelley,  M.  C. 

D.  G.  eloiiNSON,  Jndgc  Snperior  Court,  Canada. 
R.  iNLvcKAY,  Judge  Superior  Court,  Canada. 
F.  W.  Tor'?  xnce,  Judge  Superior  Court,  Canada. 
Wm.  B.  jMontreal,  Lord  Bishop. 
S.  RiVAiiD,  Mayor  of  Montreal. 
[Senate  Doc.  No.  37.]  8 


:;  ^, 


hi 


'I 


11 


Hfl^V, 


1 


■'.■•^^^.'jrtWi^'-'^^i^.^ 


H4 


[Sknatb, 


S.    S.    IIlJNTINODOX,  M.  P. 

AI.  II.  (iAir/r,  M.  1\ 

Thomas  W.  Kutiiik,  M.  P. 

J.  W.  Dawsox,  Priiu'li)!il  McGill  Collcijo,  Monfroiil. 

P.  A.  I'kthijskx,  Cliicf  Kiii>iii('or,  (Jovcrniuoiil  of  (Quebec. 

CirAUi.Ks  W.  Ei.ioT,  Picsidciit  Harvard  University. 

Bksj.  II.   Paddock,  liisliop  of  Massacluisetts. 

CiiAUi.Ks  FuAxcis  Adams. 

jMaUTIX    PjiaMMKIt. 
J'lllLLII'S    PiKOOKS. 

Thomas  M.  Clauk,  Bishop  of  Rhode  Island. 

Jamks  McCosh,  Presid(>ii(  CoUege  of  New  Jersey. 

Chaih.ks  B.  Axdukws,  Governor  of  Conneeticnt. 

Noah  PoitTKU,  Piesident  Yale  College. 

J.  Williams,  15i.shop  of  Coinjeelicut. 

Natt.  IIiud,  Governor  of  New  IIani[)sliire. 

A.  B.  Thomi'sox,  Seeretary  of  Stiite  of  New  Hampshire. 

William  Woodulff  Niles,  Bishop  of  New  Hampshire. 

J.  K.  Saiuikxt. 

Hkxuv  a.  Coit,  D.D.,  Kcetor  St.  Paul's  Sehool. 

Edwaih)  Cooi'kk,  Mayor  of  New  York. 

R  A.  P.   Bauxaim),  President  Colnmhia  College. 

Howard  Cudsuv,  President  University  of  New  York. 

Alkx.   S.  \Vei5H,  l*resi(l('nt  College;  of  the  City  of  New  Y^ork. 

1).  HixTixcTox,  President  National  Academy  of  Design. 

CVUUS    W.    FlKLD. 

Hexrv  W.   Bellows. 
Pauke  Godwix. 
Mo  HOAX  J)ix. 
Charles  A.   Daxa. 
ISamiel  ( )s(;o()i). 
Wm.  Hexrv   Hlrlp.it. 
James  M.  Brown. 
Howard  Potter. 

JOHX    CrOSHV    I)R0WX. 

Fredeihc  K.  Church,  N.  A. 

^^''HITELA^V    ReID. 

Saxford  R.  Gieford,  N.  A.     ' 
W.  Whitriixh:,  N.  A. 
JoHx   A.  Cisco. 


VTK, 


rk. 


No.  37.] 

X  T.  llKrivKii. 
Wm.  I).  Kkij.kv. 
IIknuy  C.  Pottku. 
JoirN  La  Fauck. 

A.    HlKKSTADT,   N.   A. 

lIo.MKU  D.  Martin,  N.  A. 
J.  i)i:uANi),  N.  A. 
Kaimiaici^  Pumpkllv. 
IIkxuv  G.  Mauqi  and. 
Nathan  Ai'I'Leton. 
s.  p.  aveiiy, 
John  ,Tav  Cisco. 

S.    P.    1)1    ('KSNOr.A. 

Thomas  Hicks,  N.  A. 
C.  II.  Maushall. 

DaNL.    S.    AlM'LF/rON. 
W.    D.    MoUdAN. 
IIOHT.    Pi.    MlNTl  IIN. 
W.    E.     DODOK,    Jll. 

Lloyd  Aspinwall,  Jit. 
Edwaud  C.  Pctteu. 
Newiiold  Le  Hoy. 
Chas.  Russell  Hone. 
James  P.  Lowuey. 
(Jeouoe  Belt- 
Theodore  Weston. 
Henry  1).  SEiKnviciv. 

F.  F.  Mar  BURY. 

G.  N.  Stouohton. 
avilliam  uorsiieimek. 
David  Dudley  Field. 

KOYAL  l^HELPS. 

John  A.  SrEWAiir. 
E.  D.  Morgan,  Jr. 
Benj.  B.  Thurman. 
John  T.  Terry. 
N.  C.  Meigs,  U.  S.  A. 
Albert  J.  Myer,  U.  S.  A. 
Q   A.  GiLMouE,  U.  S.  A. 
Nelson  A.  Miles,  U.  S.  A. 


35 


II 


I" 
I  itiii 

''I 


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J 


36 


[Sknatk, 


ii 


F.  W.  GocKKiA'.   Prosidciil  Si.  JoliiTs  Cullcirc,  Fordli.ini. 

IjKONAIfl)    W.    JkKo.MK. 

J'.vri,  FoKiuvs. 
.loiiN   ir.  (lOrUMK. 
.FlO.   TlIAVKKS,    ,Ik. 
Kl)\Vl\      L.    (JoDKIV. 
(ioUVKKNKlK'    MoUlMS.    Ju. 

.1.  J  n.  ckoks. 

J.    II.    I'lN(  KNKV. 

(J  1:0.   H.   WAi;i.\<i. 

(J.    K.    IIlNTlNCiTOX.  ' 

S.  II.   Waijos. 

SlNCLAlU    TOUSKV. 
(iKO.    IIaVKV    PlTNAM. 

AV.M.  K.  Ci  itTis. 
Hkm:v   R.  W'inthuop. 
A.  li.  MacDonoich. 

ClIAIlLE.S   C.    IlAKillT. 

J.  Q.  A.  Wahd,  X.  A. 

TlI.    SCIIIYI.KK. 

F.  O.  C.  DAur.KY. 
Smith  E.  Lani;. 
IIknuy   E.  IIowlanu. 
Cfiaules  (iitACii:, 

DOUCLASS   CaMI'DELL. 

W.  II.  Beaim). 

AV.M.    II.    Al'PLETOX. 

Same..  I).   r>AiK'(JCK. 
IIekman  Iv.   Le  Roy. 

J.    II.    DitAl'EU. 

Wm.  r>.  Rice. 

S.  XiciioEsoN   Kane. 

F.    SllELDOX. 

John  L.  Cadwaladeii. 

John   ^LuMrLEEX. 

Francis   McXeiuney,  Bishop  of  Albany. 

E.  O.  Haven,  Cliancellor  SyiJicusc  University. 

Wm.  C.  Russell,  Atg.  Prcsidi'iit  CoincU  UnivcM-sity. 

E.  Dodge,  President  Madison  University. 

Saml.  G.  Brown,  President  Hamilton  College. 


I 


No.  :{7.J  :i7 

W.M.  CitoswKi.L  DoANK,  r.i.>lm|»  of  A Hdiiy. 
I).  M.  O^noKNK.  Mayor  of  Aiilmiu. 
Wm.  II.  Skwaki). 
Tiii:«).  M.  ToMKuov. 
K.  T.  Tiiuooi'  Mautix. 

Jo.SIAH    LkKIIWOUTII. 

K.  li.  Wklcii. 

ClIAUr-KS  C.  DWKJllT. 

C.  D.  Macdoucall. 

Dennis  li.  Alwaud. 

livuoN  C.  Smith. 

CiiAs.  IIawi.ky. 

A.  Clkvki.anI)  Coxe,  IVi^liop  of  VVc^crii  New  York. 

G.  W.  Clinton'. 

Sherman  S,  IJodEUs. 

E.  C  SlM!A(iUE. 
\Vm.   F.  l{(J(iEK.S. 

S.  S.  Jew  E  IT. 
Pascal  Jj.  Puatt. 
J.  ^I.  1ik;iimond. 

E.  Stokck. 
Alheut  r>.  Lanin(J. 

Ali-ueu  li.  C.  Selwyn,  Diiceior  Geological  Survey  of  Ciiiiadii. 

F.  W.  IIensiiaw. 
Jose  I'll  IIktvson. 
Kobt.  Esdaile. 

C.  J.  Seak(;en't. 
Feteu  KEDi'A-rir. 
Walter  Siianlv. 
Woli'Ension  Thomas. 

GeORCJE  llAtiUE. 

W.  J.  Patterson. 
J.  11.  Gilliss. 
Tiios.  Davidson. 

D.  L.  McDol'gall. 
S.  J.  EwiNC. 

^y.  A.  mkrry. 

Tiios.  LViMAN. 
^  JvMES  P).  M.  Chirman. 
G.  11.  Massey. 


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J 


p  I 


38 

N.  J.  McGlLLEVRAY. 

J.  Penfold. 
James  Dakeus. 
John  H.  li.  Molson. 
James  F.  D.  Black. 
]\Iaurice  S.  Baldwin. 
James  A.  McLeod. 

JOTliV  ClJAWFOllD. 

Andrew  Hoheiitson. 

Edward  Sullivan. 

O.  C.  Edwards. 

John  Fletcher. 

A.  C.  De  Lotbiniere  IIarwood. 

R.  W.  Graham. 

E.  N.  Grant. 

Charles  Smithers. 

W.  J.  Buchanan, 

Fred.  Nash. 

AVm.  Darling. 

Henry  Lyman. 

John  Kenndey. 

Richard  Holland. 

J.  Fairbairn. 

David  R.  McCord. 

K.  A.  Nelson. 

J.    II.    MOONEY. 

Ch.  D.  Proctob. 
S.  St.  Onge, 
GuiL.  La  Motiie. 
Jos.  Pierre  Le  Bel. 
A.  B.  Stewart. 
J.  G.  Dinning. 
W.  W.  Stuart. 
James  Foley. 
A.  Murray. 
Philip  Holland. 
James  Mitchell. 
W.  B.  Court. 
Edw.  Chapin. 

J.   M.   BUCKNELL. 


[Senate, 


No.  37.] 


39 


R.  T.  RouTii. 

Jno.  F.  Ross. 

John  Torrance. 

Georgm  a.  Drummond,  and   400  other  citizens  of  Cmuicla  and 

the  United  States. 
U  March,  1880. 


I    HI 


'I 


I 


New  Difcovery 

O  F    A 

Fafi  Country  in  America^ 

Excendiug  abovns  Foar  llioulknd  Miles^       { 
BETWEEN 

New  France  and  New  Mexico. 

W  I  T  H    A 
Dcfcription  of  the  Great  Laks^  Cata- 
roBsj  (]^>er5,  flams^  and  Jmmls : 

Alfo,  The  Manners^  Cftfioms,  and  LoH^uages,  of  the 

fe?crai  Nartve  (ndians. ;  And  the  Advantage  of 

Commerce  with  thofe  different  Nations. 

CONTINUATION: 

Giving  an  ACCOUNT  of  the 
Attempts  oi.  the  Sieur  DelaS^LLE  upon  the 
Mines  of  St.  Bark,  Sec.     The  Taking  of 
Qtiekc  by  the  EngUjh ;  With  the  Advantages 
dFa  Shorter  Cut  to  Citnasttid  Japan, 

Both  Parts  lUuftrt^ted  with  Maps  and  Figurts, 
and  Dedicated  to  His Majefty  K.  WtlUam. 

By  L.  Hennepin,  now  Refident  in  HoUojuL 


To  which  is  added,  Several  N^ir  Difccveriei  in  Ndt/*- 
America,  not  pttblilh'd  in  the  French  Edirion. 

L  a  Hf'D  O  Vi  Printed  for  M  BentUy,  J.  Jbrfm,  H.  Bmt" 
Wi*,  T,  (kodwhi,  and  S.  MoMfluf,     r  6  p  8. 


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a  Large  Country  in  America.    29 

in  Winter  it  is  more  difHculr,  becaufo  of  th« 
outrageous  Winds  which  abound  there.  From 
this  Lake  one  may  go  by  Barks^  or  by  greater 
Veffels  to  the  foot  of  a  great  Rock  that  is 
about  two  Leagues  off  the  Fall  of  the  River 
Niagara,  which  I  am  now  to  dcfcribc. 


CHAP.    VII. 

A  Defer iption  of  the  Fall  of  the  River  Niagara, 
which  is  to  be  fern  betufixt  the  Lake  Ontario 
W  that  ofEvii, 

BEtwixt  the  Lake  Ontario  and  Erl^,  there 
is  a  vaft  and  prodigious  Cadence  of  Wa- 
ter which  falls  down  after  a  furpiizing  and 
aftonilhing  manner,  infoniuch  that  the  Uni- 
verfe  does  not  afford  its  Parallel  'Tis  true, 
Itafy  and  Suedeknd  boaftof  fome  fucli  Things; 
but  we  may  well  (ay  they  are  but  forry  Pat- 
terns, when  compared  to  this  of  which  we 
now  fpeak.  At  the  foot  of  this  horrible  Pre- 
cipice, we  meet  with  the  River  NitftrflT;?, which 
is  not  above  a  quarter  of  a  League  broad, 
but  is  wonderfully  deep  in  fome  places.  It 
is  fo  rapid  above  this  Defcent,  that  ic  vio- 
lently hurries  down  the  wild  Beafts  while 
endeavouring  to  pafs  it  to  feed  on  the  other 
fide,  they  not  being  able  to  withftand  the 
force  of  its  Current,  which  inevitably 
cafts  them  headlong  above  Six  hundred  foot 
high. 

This  wonderful  DownTal,  is  compounded 
of  two  great  Crofs~(lreams  of  Water ,  and 

two 


!     t 


'  a 


I  (> 


t  r 


II  I 


JO  J  New  Difco'Very  of 

two  Falls^  with  an  Ifle  floping  along  the  mid- 
dle of  it.  The  Waters  which  fall  from  this 
horrible  Precipice  ,  do  foam  and  boyl  af- 
ter the  moft  hideous  manner  imaginable , 
making  an  outrageous  Noife,  more  ter- 
rible than  that  ot  Thunder;  for  when 
the  Wind  blows  out  of  the  South,  their  dii- 
mal  roarinjg  may  be  heard  more  than  Fifteen 
Leagues  on. 

The  River  Niagara  having  thrown  it  fejf 
down  this  incredible  Precepice ,  continues 
its  impetuous  courfe  for  two  Leagues  toge- 
ther, to  the  great  Rock  above-itiention'd, 
with  an  inexpreffible  rapidity :    But  having 

f>aftthat,  its  impetuofity  relents,  gUdiiiga- 
ong  more  gently  for  other  two  Leagues,  till 
it  arrive  at  the  Lake  Ontario  or  Frontenac. 

Any  Bark  or  greater  Veflfel  may  pafi  from 
the  Fort  to  the  root  of  this  huge  Rock  above- 
mention'd.  This  Rock  lies  to  the  Weftward, 
and  is  cut  off  from  the  Land  by  the  River 
Niagara^  about  two  Leagues  farther  down 
than  the  great  Fall  ;  for  which  two  Leagues 
the  People  areoblig'd  to  tranfport  their  Goods 
over-land  j  but  the  way  is  very  good  j  and 
the  Trees  are  but  few ,  chiefly  Firrs  and 
Oaks. 

From  the  great  Tall  unto  this  Rock  which 
is  to  the  Well  of  the  River,  the  two  Brinks 
or  it  are  ib  prodigious  high,  that  it  would 
make  one  tremble  to  look  fteadily  upon  the 
Water,  rolling  along  with  a  rapidity  not  to 
be  imagined.  Were  it  not  for  this  vaft  Ca- 
tuTA^y  which  interrupts  Navigation ,  they 
might  fail  with  Barks  or  greater  VeiTels, 

more 


4  Lar^  Country  in  America,     j  i 

niorc  than  Four  hundred  and  fifty  Leagues, 
crofEng  the  I^ke  of  Hurons,  and  ic.iching 
even  to  the  £irdier  end  of  the  Laite  lUimU  5 
which  two  Lakes  we  may  ealily  fay  are  little 
Seas  of  frejh  Water. 

Sieur  de  la  Salle  had  a  defign  to  liave  buill 
a  Fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  Niagara^ 
and  might  eafily  have  compafs*d  it,  had  he 
known  liow  to  keep  himielf  within  bounds, 
and  to  have  conhn'd  himfelf  there  for  one 
Year.  His  defign  was  to  curb  and  keep  under 
the  Iroquois ,  and  efpecially  the  Jjhmontouam^ 
who  are  the  moft  numerous  People,  and  the 
moft  given  to  War  of  all  that  Nvition.  In  fine^ 
fuch  a  Fort  as  this  might  eafily  have  inter- 
rupted the  Commerce  betwixt  thefe  People 
and  the  Englijh  and  Dutch  in  Ntw-Tork.  Their 
cuftom  is  to  carry  to  NtivTork  the  Skins  of  Elks, 
Beavers,  and  feveral  forts  ofBeafts, which  tliey 
hunt  and  feei^  after  fome  2  or  ;oo  Leagues 
from  their  own  home.  Now  they  being  ob» 
lig'd  topafs  *ind  rcpals  near  ro  this  mouth  of 
the  River  Niagara  ,*  we  might  eafily  ftop 
them  by  fair  means  in  time  ot  Peace,  or  by 
open  force  in  time  of  War  ^  and  thus  ol> 
lige  them  to  turn  their  Commerce  upon  Ca- 
nada. 

But  having  remarked  that  the  Ircqmis  were 
puDi'd  on  to  ftop  the  execution  of  this  Defign, 
not  fo  much  by  the  Englifi)  and  Dutcb^  as  by 
the  Inhabitants  of  Canada^  who  for  a  great 
part  endeavour^'d  by  all  means  to  traverfe  rhii 
our  Difcovery ;  they  contented  themfulves 
to  build  a  Houle  at  the  mouth  of  rhc  River 
CO  tlie  Eaftward,  where  the  Place  was  natu- 
rally 


1 :  11 


4 


^ii>^^ 


I 


ii 


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I 


n  5 


^%        J  New  DifcoVery  of 

rally  fortift'd.  To  one  fide  of  this  HtyaTt 
there  is  A  very  good  Haven,  where  Ships 
may  Gifely  ride ;  nay,  by  help  of  a  Cap- 
ftane,  they  may  eafily  be  hall'd  upon  Land. 
Bcfides,  at  this  Place  they  take  an  infinite: 
quantity  of  white  Fifli,  Sturgeons,  and  a.11 
other  forts  of  Fifhes,  which  are  incomparably 
good  and  fweet ;  inibniuch  that  in  tne  pro- 
per Seafbn  of  Filhing ,  chey  might  fiifnirti 
the  greateft  City  in  Europe  with  plenty  of 
Fifh. 


CHAR    VIIL 

A  Defer iptim  of  the  Lake  Eri>. 

THe  Irocfuois  give  to  this  Lake  the  Name 
of  Erie  Tejocharontiong  ,  which  extends 
it  felf  from  Eail  co  Weft  perhaps  a  hundred 
and  fort}'  Leagues  in  kingth.  Bat  no  Ri- 
ropean  has  ever  been  over  it  all ;  only  I  ajid 
tliofe  who  accompany'd  me  in  this  Difco- 
/ery,have  view'd  the  greater  part  of  it,  with  a 
Velfe)  of  Sixty  Tun  burden,  which  we  caus'd 
to  be  made  on  purpofe,  a{x)ut  two  Leagues 
above  the  fore  mennioji'd  Fiill  of  Niagara,  as 
1  /hall  have  occafton  to  obferve  more  Urgely 
hereafter. 

This  Lake  Erie,  or  Tejocharontiong,  enclofes 
on  its  Southern  Bank  a  Tra<ft  of  Land  as 
large  as  the  Kingdom  of  France.  It  divides 
it  lelf  at  a  certain  place  into  two  Channels, 
becaufe  of  a  great  Ifland  enclosed  betwixt 
them  :  Thus  continuing  Its  courle  for  four- 
teen 


Si ; 

p.i 


M  Ji:  y  H  A.  a  K 


OF 


GOVERNOR   LUCIUS    ROBINSON, 


JANUARY   0,    1879. 


Niagara.  Falls. 

The  civil  jurisdiction  over  tho  Falls  of  Niagiira,  as  well  as  the  whores 
and  waters  of  the  Niagara  river,  is  divided  between  this  State  and  tho 
Province  of  Ontario,  in  Canada.  Bnt,  in  one  sense,  the  sublime  exhibi- 
tion of  natural  power  there  witnessed  is  the  i)roperty  of  the  whole  world. 
It  is  visited  by  tourists  from  all  quarters  of  the  globe,  and  it  would  ,-secm 
to  be  incumbent  upon  both  governments  to  protect  such  travelers  fruiu 
improper  annoyance  on  either  side.  It  is,  however,  well  known,  and  a 
matter  of  universal  complaint,  that  the  most  favorable  points  of  observa- 
tion around  the  falls  are  appropriated  for  jiurposes  of  private  profit, 
■while  the  shores  swarm  with  sharpers,  hucksters  and  peddlers,  who  per- 
petually harass  all  visitors.  In  the  course  of  the  last  summer,  in  a  cas- 
nal  meeting  and  conversation  with  Lord  Dufferin,  then  Governor-General 
of  Canada,  he  suggested  the  propriety  of  some  steps  on  tlie  part  of  tho 
State  of  New  York  and  the  province  of  Ontario  to  remedy  these  abuses 
wliich  he  had  seen  and  deeply  regretted.  His  proposition  was  that  a 
sort  of  international  park  should  be  established,  enclosing  a  suitable 
space  on  each  side  of  the  river  from  which  all  the  aiinoyancos  '>nd  vex- 
ations referred  to  should  be  excluded.  Contemplating  no  attempt  at 
landscape  ornamenting  in  the  vain  hope  of  adding  anything  to  the  nat- 
ural attractions  of  the  falls,  he  thought  that  each  government  might 
obtain  control  of  a  sufficient  area  to  be  kept  sacred  to  the  free  use  of 
those  who  coming-  there  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  desire  to  view  the 
grand  scenery  without  molestation.  He  believed  that  all  this  could  be 
accomplished  at  small  expense,  each  government  of  course  retaining 
jurisdiction  of  its  own  portion  of  such  park,  l>ut  with  a  mutual  under- 
standing as  to  the  general  regulations  to  be  enforced  on  either  side. 
Subsequently  the  Governor-General  called  the  attention  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Ontario  to  the   same  matter,  and   rocommended  co-operation 


.11 


I 


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V 


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11 


42 


LSenate,  No.  37.] 


with  the  State  of  New  York  in  accomplishing  the  purpose  in  view.  The 
proper  course,  if  such  a  plan  were  deemed  advisable  would,  undoubtedly 
be  the  appointment  of  commissions  by  both  governments,  to  confer 
together  as  to  its  details.  Should  such  a  commission  be  appointed  by 
the  authorities  of  Ontario,  I  recommend  that  you  provide  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  similar  one  to  consider  the  subject.  There  can  be  no  doubt 
that  many  persons  abstain  from  visiting  the  falls  in  consequence  of  the 
annoyances  referred  to,  nor  can  there  be  any  reasonable  doubt  that  the 
removal  of  these  objections  would  largely  increase  the  number  of  visit- 
ors annually. 


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r  0    IJ    R    T    H 


JULIUS  BIFN    PHOTO    LITH 


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PAKT  OF  TUK 

offirjjAL  pRDPjiiirrr  map 


0  F 

NIAGARA  FALLS  VILLAGE 

^);lK)•^r;(v^  cv  hiaimi; 

THK  LOTS  AND  ^TKKKTS  [.\(l,ri)i;i)  IX 

THE  PLAN  FOR  THE  PROPOSED 

STATK   Ki:Si:U\'ATI()N 

Aii[M'()\T(|    liy   I  he 
CnMMISSlMVHK'SOFniK  STATK  srHVl-ri' 

.lAMf  <  T  ln\RPNKI!.niKKiri)|t 

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Sr.ii,     ■,'  rhitins  ti>  I  inch 
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/..m..  ollSl.i-.  (1i„i,  11!)  S.;!  ■ 

fti  .■';.;''■"'  'i.Vi  M     M,:r''r:i'    V^lhiilr  ol'Stitgam  I'alU  iliid  l.iii''l\  ■;./;.;. ./,/,,  .,,.-/.i,m/ 

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JULIU9B1FN    CHOTO   LITH 


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»'■      '   '"■'•<"''»PP!lii|iif" 


with  the  8t£ 
l)roper  cours 
be  the  app 
togetlier  as 
the  authoriti 
ment  of  a  s: 
that  many  p 
annoyances 
removal  of  t 
ors  annually 


""'■iimw.'. 


Tli      II   I'  'imK 


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T 


Part  II. 


FOURTH  ANNUAL  REPORT 


OF  TUB 


BOARD  OF  COMMISSIONERS  OF  THE  STATE  SURVEY. 


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liKPOKT. 


To  the  honnrahle  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  I^ew  York  : 

The  Commissioners  of  the  State  Survey,  in  compliance  with  the  requi- 
sitions of  the  acts  creating  tlie  commission,  resjjcctfull}^  report  tlie  regular 
l)roceedings  of  the  survey  and  results  reached  during  tlie  year  187l>,  by 
transmitting  the  annexed  report  of  the  director,  which  they  have 
adopted. 

It  will  be  seen  that  tlie  work  of  the  past  season  gives  the  means  of 
making  important  additions  to  the  State  Survey  map  of  jjarts  of  Onon- 
daga, Oswego,  Madison  and  Oneida  connties  ;  locating,  as  it  does,  the 
geographical  positions  of  seventeen  villages  and  towns.  In  co-operation 
with  the  United  States  engineers  in  charge  of  the  improvement  of  the 
Hutlson,  moTuunents  a  mile  a[iart  have  been  placed  along  both  banks  of 
the  river,  between  Albany  and  New  Baltimore,  forming  a  connected 
series  of  i)ermanent  landmarks,  to  which  will  be  referred  both  the  bulk- 
head-lines, established  by  law,  and  the  bo\jiidaries  of  grants  of  lands 
nnder  water.  The  security  of  the  boundaries  thus  established  will 
nn(h)ubt(Mlly  prove  the  imi)ortance  of  apjilying  elsewliere  a  similar  sys- 
tem of  land  surveying. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

HORATIO  SKYMOUR, 

President  of  the  Board. 
WILLIAM  A.  WHEP:LER, 
ROB.  S.  HALE, 
WILLIAM  DORSIIEIMER, 
FRANCES  A.  STOUT, 
GKOROE  GEDDES, 
E.  A.  P.  BARNARD. 


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APPENDIX  A. 

Dktailbd  Statkmunt  of  ExriiNi)iTi!HKs  DuiuNLi  TICK  Ykar  1S79. 

B(M)ks  $10 

('ai'ta<r(' <i 

C(mlllli^;si(>nl'l'M'  oxpi'usos 11)1 

Duniajjos  ami  rent  of  laml 41 

Expit'ssagt' (12 

Fiviirlit -'4 

Ua)'(lwar(> 31 

llaniess,  etc II 

Horse  ke(>i)iii^'' , ;-?()|{ 

Horse  shoeing'- 22 

Horse  hire  and  livery 12 

Majis 3;") 

Mat heniat leal  insti'iinieiits 13,") 

Messen^''ers (> 

Misci'llaneoMS (! 

Muslin,  etc 1") 

Otlice  of  (lii'ei-tor,  onttit.  care  and  rent  uf 74 

Posta-re t;i 

Pottery 20 

Pi'lntiuiT '.l.SO 

Rejiairs >^3 

Salaries,  i-(>i,^nlai- 8, ',103 

Salaries,  special 7S 

Sit,^nal  c()nes 33 

Stationery    27 

St !■(  ct  cars  and  tolls 7 

'I'elei^ranis -*3 

Tents 17 

Tiiiilier  and  hnnbei- 5S 

Tools 37 

Transpoi-tation,  public, 4ri4 

Wages  of  I al  lore rs 13t) 

Wagons  and  ecpiipnients 2(t 

Total .'t<ll,St72 


38 

f,S 
81 
00 

»;.') 
'.to 

8(5 
00 
03 
31 
00 

:m 

20 

(lO 

(;2 
r.3 

00 
40 
10 
83 
25 
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24 
01 
74 
711 
!I4 
tit) 
37 
21 
2.J 


I  i 


1       h- 


REPORT  OF  THE  DIRECTOR 


OF   THR 


New  York  State  Survey, 


SHOWING 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  SURVEY 


DIKIXO 


THE    YEAR    1879, 


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HE  POUT. 


To  the  Board  of  Cotninimonem  of  the  State  Surrey  : 

I  liiivo  tlio  honor  to  submit,  my  roport  of  tho  pro^Te.-^s  of  the  survey 
(luriuy  the  yeur  lS7i>,  with  uci'ompaiiyiiig  maps  of  tho  comph^ted  trian- 
guliitiou  and  its  [)roposed  extension  during  tht;  coming  season. 

Provision  for  the  survey  was  made  in  the  regular  appropriation  bill, 
from  which  the  funds  were  not  due  until  October  first,  wliile  the  previous 
appro|)riation  liad  been  intended  only  for  the  year  1S7S.  This  so 
limited  the  means  of  the  surv(n\  that  it  was  impossible  to  push  forward 
the  primary  triangulatioii  over  the  counties  of  Cayuga,  Senaca,  Yates, 
Tompkins,  Schuyler,  Tioga  and  Chemung,  the  region  that  it  was  in- 
tended to  cover  during  the  season. 

The  supervisors  of  Onondaga  county  had,  by  special  resolution,  re- 
quested the  Survey  to  furnish  tlnnn  with  a  map  shjwing  accurately  the 
areas  of  the  townsliiiis  of  that  county.  1  regret  very  much  that  the 
reciuestcc.uld  not  be  complied  with,  on  aci-ouiitof  want  of  means.  Should 
the  present  Legsilature  make  the  api»ropriatiou  asked  for,  the  general 
extension  of  the  triangulation  to  Tioga  an<l  i'hemung  counties  can  go 
forward  as  well  as  the  important  ai)plicatioii  of  the  work  to  the  si)ecial 
want  of  Onondaga  county  of  a  reliable  otiicial   map. 

The  New  York  commissioners  charged  with  the  duty  of  re-marking 
the  PeiMisylvania  boiuidary  line,  have  re([uested  that  points  along  that 
line  should  be  connected  with  the  State  Survey  triangulation  as  soon  as 
j)ossible.  1  hope  that  several  stations  answering  these  requirements 
may  be  established  <Uning  the  coming  summer. 

Although  this  re{)ort  has  been  begun  with  an  account  of  what  was 
left  undone  for  want  of  means  ;  yet,  a  great  deal  was  really  accom- 
l)lished  with  the  small  sum  at  the  disposal  of  the  Survey. 

Work  in  (Jkntkal  Nkw  York. 
A  chain  of  secondary  triangles  was  laid  out  extending  from  Onondaga 
Ilill  to  Amsterdam,  and  twenty-one   tripod  signals  were  erected  at  the 
selected  points  between   Syracuse  and  Little  Falls.     Thirteen  of  these 
[Sknatk  Doc.  No.  37.]  4 


I  ti 


I 


U 


60 


[Sknatk, 


1 1   ^ 


i  f 


sfntions  wore  o(Tii]ii»»(l,  aiiil  tlio  jiuf^Ios  obaorvod  witli  ■  volve-iiich 
ciicU',  ivinliii;.'- hccoikIs  witli  inicroiiift.crft.  Tlio  (»l)J»'ct  ol  ,..i.-s  cliaiii  of 
triangles,  whoso  f<i<loa  avora^'o  about  tvvolvo  miloH  in  lon^'tli,  i?i  to  form  a 
convenient  base  for  local  wiirvoys  aloii^'  tlio  valley  of  tlio  Moliawk. 
From  tlio  stationa  already  (ixed,  tlie  ^foo^'rai>liical  positions  (»f  til'fy-two 
points  were  (lotermined  in  tli(!  iifteon  townsliips  of  Coiisfanfin,  DeWitt, 
Fenner,  (jJcmMcs,  Kirklaiid,  Lenox,  Munliiis,  I'oniiiey,  Rome,  Steuben, 
Stock brid^'e,  Huliivan,  Vernon,  Verona  and  Vienna. 

The  positions  of  prominent  lundnnirkH  were  ilxed  in  sixteen  villa^^es 
and  one  city:  Canastota,  Cleveland,  Chiirchville.  Durhamville,  Kayette- 
ville,  Fish  Creek,  (jleddcs,  llitr^finsville,  Kirkville,  Manlins  Station, 
Oneida,  Vernon,  Vienna,  Vorona,  Wampsville,  and  the  city  of  Home. 

The  elevations  of  many  important  points  were  determined  with  preci- 
sion, in  order  that  they  may  be  used  as  bases  for  future  leveling.  Tho 
measurements  of  vertical  angles  were  nnide  with  a  twelve-inch  circle, 
reading  with  micrometers  to  seconds,  aiid  the  chain  of  levels  was  iu 
several  places  connected  with  benches  of  tlie  camil  surveys. 

The  fixing  of  thes<>  lifty-two  reference  itoints  will  enable  us  to  make 
many  needed  corrections  to  the  map  of  parts  of  Oswego,  Onondaga, 
Madison  and  Oneida  counties. 

Ileconnoissance  for  this  triangulation  l)egan  May  2.")th.  It  was  con- 
ducted by  Mr.  0.  S.  Wilson,  assisted  by  Mr,  O.  IE.  Bogardus.  On  the 
5th  of  July,  Mr.  Bogardus  took  charge  of  the  signal  building  party,  and 
on  the  lOth  of  July  Mr.  Wilson  began  tho  ni'  '"surement  of  angles,  Mr. 
F.  M.  Rutherfurd  acting  as  recorder.     The  ling  of  signals  was  con- 

tinued until  September  1st,  and   the    me.. 
November  20th. 


.^aient   of    an;;les    until 


*  1 


Work  on  tiik  Hudson  Rivkr. 

In  the  year  1S77,  in  accordance  with  a  resolution  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, the  Governor  of  this  State  re(iuested  the  President  to  apj)oint 
a  board  of  United  States  othcers,  experienced  in  the  management 
of  harbor  and  river  improvements,  to  establish  in  co-oj)eration  with 
State  authorities,  bulkhea<l-lines  along  the  Hudson  River  ;  the  neces- 
sity for  this  action  having  arisen  from  the  tendency  of  private  owners 
to  project  piers  and  made-lands  so  far  into  the  stream  as  seriously 
to  interfere  with  its  navigation.  The  bulkhead-line  is  to  be  the 
limit  beyond  which  the  State  will  grant  no  rights  to  the  lands  uiuler 
water,  nor  allow  constructions  to  be  placecL  It  is,  therefore,  both  a 
public  line,  and  a  boundary  of  private  property. 

Being  a  line  in  the  water,  its  position  must  be  fixed  by  reference  to 
landmarks  on  the  shore.  The  board  of  United  States  engineers  there- 
fore applied  to  the  Slate  Survey  to  co-oixu-ate  with  them  in  establishing 
a  series  of  enduring  monuments  along  both  sides  of  the  Hudson  from 
Troy  southward.     The  distinguished   engineers  saw  clearly  that   the 


^1 


No.  37.] 


61 


a1)snIiito  j)orinaiioiice  of  tliose  roforeuce  points  oonM  l)o  socun^d  only  by 
coiiiiiM'tiiiif  Mkmii  with  lui  (wtt'iidt'd  Mystcm  of  triiin!,''iil!iti(iii ;  and  if,  wji.s 
also  ovident.  to  tlit>  Land  ('onnni.s.siontTs  of  the  Stutf,  tliiit  ^fnints  of  lands 
tindor  water  mIiouM  be  referred  to  the  Hamc  landmarks  ou  which  the 
biilkhciid-line  was  to  depend. 

After  curefiil  reconnoiMsanee,  with  tliese  coiiwiderations  in  view,  Lieut. 
J.  If.  Willard,  United  States  engineer,  and  myself,  dei^ided  to  i)lace 
State  kSiirvey  monunuMits  about  a  mile  apart  along  both  banks  of  tho 
llndson,  and  to  lix  their  positions  by  a  chain  of  secondary  triangles 
resting  on  the  neighboring  hills.  Thci  sites  for  nu)niiments  were  chosen 
with  special  regard  to  convenience  of  local  snrvijys,  both  publi(;  and 
private.  The  constant  hydrographical  surveys  necessary  to  map  the 
ever-changing  channels  of  the  river  ;  the  great  value  of  the  lands  under 
water  whi(;h  the  State  is  annually  granting,  and  the  jirospective  value 
of  the  shores,  make  it  of  imme<liat,e  importance  that  all  public  and 
private  surveys  should  have  a  common  base,  and  rest  on  the  same  datum 
points;  that  tluur  distanc^es  should  be  accurately  me 'iired  and  tlieir 
courses  determined  from  the  true  meridian. 

The  system  is  therefore  planned  to  be  practically  a  base  for  all  surveys 
along  the  river. 

The  method  of  nnirking  the  statiotis  is  intended  to  make  them  easy  to 
find,  but  ditlicult  to  destioy.  A  hole  is  dug  five  feet  deep,  and  in  the 
bottom  is  put  an  earthern  crock  lettered  N.  Y.  S.  S.,  its  centre  being  the 
exact  station.  Over  this  is  iilaced  a  granite  post  of  the  regular  State 
Survey  pattern,  four  feet  long  by  six  inches  s(piare,  the  upper  end  pro- 
jecting six  inches  above  the  ground.  It  is  marked  N.  Y.  S.  S.,  and  the 
number  of  the  station.  Three  fe(!t  from  the  centre  of  the  stone,  in  direc- 
tions at  right  angles  to  one  another,  are  buried  earthen  pots,  their  tops 
about  a  foot  and  a  half  below  the  surface  of  the  ground.  They  are  like 
inverted  tlower-pots,  having  on  the  ui)turned  surface  an  arrow  jiointing 
toward  the  station,  which  is  exactly  three  feet  from  the  center  hole  of  the 
crock.     The  letters  N.  Y.  S.  S,  are  also  stam})ed  u{)on  them. 

In  case  the  stone  monument  designating  the  station  should  be  moved 
by  intention,  accident  or  frost,  it  can  be  adjusted  by  measiu-ement  from 
these  witness  crocks.  If  the  stone  should  be  entirely  removed,  the 
buried  station-nuirk  five  feet  below  the  surface  could  be  found  by  means 
of  the  crocks,  which  are  so  thinly  covered  with  earth  as  to  be  discover- 
able by  digging.  Where  the  soil  is  too  shallow  to  support  a  monument, 
the  trigonometrical  station  is  marked  by  a  coi)per  bolt  in  the  rock,  and 
a  stone  post  placed  as  near  as  possible,  the  exact  distance  and  direction 
between  the  two  being  carefully  measured. 

Where  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  stations  were  re-occu- 
pied, State  Survey  monuments  were  placed  near  and  accurately  con- 
nected. 


I 


.Jfe^ 


"i 


52 


[Hknate, 


I*  ! 


!    I 


\i' 


t 


Our  pxporioiico  lias  cloarly  slunvii  tliat,  tlio  stations  of  a  tri^'oiiometrical 
siirvt'v  arc  of  vciy  litflf  iiso  to  local  siiwt^yors,  imiI(»ss  tht\y  are  iiiarkod  by 
siirfaco  inoiimiHMits  oMsily  fouii<l.  Tlio  jiractico  of  tin!  Tiiitod  States  Coast 
iSiirvey  of  dosi^fiiatiiig'  their  stations  l»y  ini<ler«jroiiii(l  marks,  and  iiavinjJ!' 
none  on  tlie  mrface,  renders  it  impossible  for  ordinary  snrveyors  to  make 
any  use  of  tlieni,  Altlion^h  tluMC  are  given  in  the  Coast  iSnrvey  nuip 
eighty-six  stations  in  tlie  area  whicli  we  surveyed  between  Albany  and 
Nt'w  Jialtiniore,  yet  not  one  of  these  could  have  been  fouii<i  by  a  local 
survey(»r.  Wo  discovered  seven  of  their  stations  by  redeterminini,''  th<'m 
in  the  triangiilation.  Without  re-surveying  the  ground,  tliere  could  not 
li:ive  been  fo:ind  one  of  the  eiglity-six  points,  alt.ljough  the  gentleman  en- 
gaged upon  this  <lufy  was  an  old  Coast  Survey  assistant. 

I  bring  forward  these  facts  in  order  to  illustrate  the  {irinciple  to  which 
I  have  so  (»ften  called  attention,  that  a  trigonometrical  siirvc^y  of  a  t)dckly 
settled  country  sliould  be  made  once  for  all.  in  such  a  man  ler  as  to  be  a 
readily  used  base  for  local  surveys  of  every  kind.  To  accomplish  this 
the  purjioses  for  whicli  the  fixed  points  will  be  iieeded  must  be  foreseen, 
and  both  in  their  positions  and  method  of  marking,  they  must  be  adapted 
to  these  practical  reipiirements. 

1  liave  endeavored  in  the  work  of  the  State  Survey  not  only  to  reach  a 
higli  grade  of  scientilic  accuracy,  but  after  carefully  considering  the 
])resent,  and  future  wants  of  each  part  of  the  State,  to  shape  the  triangu- 
lation  in  such  a  way  as  to  be  of  the  greatest  i)ra(tical  iise ;  and  I  believe 
the  benefits  of  this  policy  are  already  being  felt.  As  soon  as  the  tr'.an- 
gulation^-was  completed  from  Albany  to  New  Baltimore,  the  Commis- 
sioners of  the  State  Land  Ollice  passed  the  following  resolutions. 

liesolrcd.  That  section  4  of  Rules  of  the  lan<l  oflice,  relating  to  water 
grants,  be  ameiide(i  as  follows  :  " 'I'lie  jioint  of  beginning  of  survey  of 
the  land  applied  f(»r  shall  be  deline  1  by  its  true  course  and  distance  I'rom 
one  of  the  monuments  established  by  the  State  survey,  when'ver  such 
nioimments  are  fixed  witliin  one  mile  of  the  grant  applied  for.  The 
monument  icferred  to  shall  be  designattMl  by  its  nuudter,  and  the  courses 
of  the  survey  shall  l»e  given  by  their  bearing  from  the  true  meridian 
establishe(l  l)y  the  State  Survey  at  said  monument." 

lirtio/rt'd,  'I'hat  the  State  engineer  and  surveyor  furnish  map  sliowing 
location,  designation,  numlxu'  and  surroundings  of  the  State  Survey 
monuments,  for  the  use  of  the  applicant. 

Krom  this  action  it  will  be  seen  that  the  days  are  passing  away  when 
boundaries  of  valuable  estates  are  to  be  described  as  beginning  at  a  stake 
or  a  pile  of  stones,  and  mapped  with  magm^tic  needle  courses,  which 
are  always  varying.  The  resolution  of  the  Land  Oliici!  is  the  beginning 
of  a  movement  which  will  finally  secure  for  all  landetl  property  perma- 
nent laiulmaiks,  aiid  boundaries  so  accurately  surveyed  tliat  they  can  at 
any  time  be  retraced. 

Field  work  on  the  Hudson  River  was  begun  May  27th,  and  ended 


No.  :?7.] 


53 


September  13tli.  Both  the  erection  of  si^nials  and  measurement  of 
aiii^Hes  was  done  by  Mr.  Horace  Andrews,  Jr.,  assisted  by  Mr.  Neville 
13.  ('rai^'-.  The  State  Survey  twelve-inch  Trou^diton  and  Sinnns  the- 
odolite was  used  in  observing  secondary  anj^les,  iind  an  ei^dit-inch 
Wurdcmann  repeating  circle,  belonjy^ing  to  the  corps  of  United  States 
engineers,  was  used  in  the  tertiary  triangulation. 

Elevations  in  Onondaga  County. 

Ponipey  ITill  was  for  many  years  tliouglit  to  be  the  liigiiest  point  in 
Onondaga  county  ;  but  several  years  ngo,  Mr.  II.  Wadswortli  Chirk,  of 
Syracuse,  proved  that  Ripley  lEill  was  some  two  innidred  feet  higher, 
and  thus  transferred  to  the  township  of  Spatford  the  claim  of  being  tlie 
most  elevated  spot  in  tlie  county.  We  hesitate  to  shake  popular  con- 
lidence  in  tlie  superiority  of  Ripley  Hill ;  but  justice  compels  the  state- 
ment, that  tlie  township  of  Fabius  contains  the  loftiest  mountain  in 
Onondaga  county,  and  one  of  the  high(>st,  in  (Jentral  New  York.  Its 
altitude  is  2,0'20  feet,  while  that  of  Ripley  Hill  is  only  l,i»(;8  feet. 

To  those  seeking  toimgraphical  information  respecting  Central  New 
York,  no  part  of  this  report  will  be  a  greater  surprise  than  the  api)cnded 
table  on  page  {)i,  which  contains  heights  of  some  of  the  highest  hills  or 
mountains  in  the  counties  of  Cayuga,  INIadison,  Onondaga  and  Oueida,  as 
deteru.ined  by  the  leveling  operations  of  the  .State  Survey.  From  this 
table,  it  will  be  seen,  that  the  well-known  Starr  Jlill,  in  northern  Oneida 
county,  being  only  about  1,801)  feet,  is  overtoi)i»ed  by  Tassel  Hill,  near 
Waterville,  which  is  1,5)40  feet  high. 

Aiiioiig  the  highest  points  already  measured,  the  order  of  precedence 
in  altitude  seems  to  be : 


Fabius  Hill,  Onondaga  Co. 
Ripley  Hill,         "  " 

Tassel  Hill,  OiKuda 
Fenner  Hill,  Madison       " 
Starr  Hill,  Oneida  *' 


2,020 

feet 

1 ,1)()8 

(( 

1,'.>4(5 

(( 

1,802 

(< 

1,800 

it 

When  it  is  remembered  that  the  lower  valleys  of  this  region  are  only 
400  feet  above  the  sea,  and  that  the  great  difierences  of  (elevation  occur 
within  a  few  miles,  the  country  may  certainly  be  calle(l  niountai-ious 
rather  than  rolling;  and  it  will  be  better  understood  whj'  a  t(»pograph- 
ical  map  is  necessary  to  a  proper  comprelnMision  of  the  physical  features 
of  the  State. 


■W^J^_ 


) 


"  \ 


I 


'  I   ! 

§, 

1 

1 

ft 

J 

1 

« 

i'  1 

P 

1  \   I 

•i 

54  [Senate,  No.  37.J 

Abstract  of  Work  Done  during  Season  op  1879. 

Central  N.Y.    Uudson  River.  Total. 

Tripod  signals  ei-ected 21                 43  64 

c-   ,•                  .    ,  ( sficomlary 13                   5  18 

'        nortmry 43  43 

No.  of  points— hoif,'lit  determined 12                   D  21 

No.  of  located  points r)2                 85  137 

Secondary  horizontal  angles  measured 80                 30  110 

Tertiai-y            "              "              "          144               331  475 

Vertical  angles  measui-ed ' 79                  49  128 

No.  of  horizontal  observations 4,430            2,713  7,143 

"     "  vertical                •♦             478                 49  527 

Area  included  in  secondaiy  and  tertiary  triangti- 

lation .')00sq.  mi.     67  507 

Area  includedjn  secondary  reconnoissance 1,300      "          70  1,370 

Very  respectfully  submitted. 

JAMES  T.  GARDNER, 

Director. 


11 


r     • 


I 


J;       * 


APPENDIX. 


Explanation  op  the  Tables. 

As  the  central  chain  of  primary  triangles  across  the  State  has  not  yet 
been  completed  or  adjusted,  the  geographical  positions  now  given  are 
preliminary  and  approximate. 

Tilt  eastern  group  of  [loints  depends  njjon  the  initial  latitude  and 
]oiigitu<le  used  by  the  United  States  Coast  Survey,  which  is  the  most 
accurate  we  have,  since  it  is  the  mean  of  observations  taken  at  many 
widely  separated  places  and  reduced  geodetically  to  one  station. 
Future  corrections  to  tliese  points  will  therefore  be  very  small.  But  the 
western  group  depending,  as  it  <loes,  on  »  few  deternunations  of  posi- 
tions along  the  shore  of  Lake  Oiitario,  used  for  preliminary  results  by 
the  United  States  Survey  of  tlie  Western  and  Northwestern  Lakes,  will 
be  liable  to  a  larger  correction  when  the  work  is  all  reduced  to  one  base. 
It  is  not  anticipated  that  the  chaii{ft>  in  gt^ographical  positions  will  be 
large  enough  to  show  on  a  map  of  1 :;{()()()()()  scale,  and  the  azimuths  and 
<listances  between  })oints  are  accurate  to  within  the  figures  given.  In 
the  table  the  places  are  classified  by  counties  in  alphabetical  order. 

The  first  column  on  the  left  conltiius  names  of  the  several  stations  or 
triangidation  points.  These  are  generally  either  prominent  objects  of 
})ermanence — such  as  sj)ires,  or  they  are  points  on  commanding  hills 
where  sigmils  have  been  erected  for  the  purposes  of  the  survey,  and 
which  are  marked  on  the  ground  by  granite  monuments  four  feet  long. 
The  stones  project  six  inches  above  the  surface,  and  are  engraved  with 
the  letters  N.  Y.  S.  S.,  and  the  number  of  the  station.  Beneath  the 
centre  of  the  nnuiument,  generally  five  f'tM't  bolow  th(>  surface,  an  earthen 
crock  is  placed  ;  the  hole  in  its  top  indicating  the  exact  spot  located. 

Sket«'hes  have  been  made  showiug  the  configuration  of  the  land 
around  these  stations,  ami  their  exact  relation  to  the  most  i)rominent 
neighboring  objects,  including  buildings,  fences,  roads,  etc.  These  will 
serve  hereafter  to  assist  surveyors  in  fimling  i»oints  that  have  for  any 
rea  on  become  obscure. 

In  cases  wliere  minute  descriptions  are  thus  reipiired,  they  m;iy  be 
had  by  application  aiblressed  to  th  Director  of  the  New  York  State 
Survey,  Albany. 

Names  of  prinniry  triangulation  stations  are  in  small  cajtitals.  All 
az/nnuths  aie  riM'koned  from  tht>  south,  around  to  the  right  tlirou^h  tho 
west,  so  that  the  azimuth  of  points  due  south,  west,  north  and  east,  are 
resi)ectively  00',  tK)",  IHO",  270". 

The  column    headed  "Azimuth,"  gives   the   true   bearing  from  tho 


I 


m 


II 


5      S 


56 


[Senate,  No.  37.] 


station  in  the  first  column  to  the  one  in  the  nintlj  cohinin.  The  Back 
A/imiith  sliows  tlie  trne  bearing  from  tlie  stations  in  cohimn  nine  to 
tliose  in  cohinin  one. 

The  length  of  the  meter  used,  is  30.:i704  inches,  or  3.2809  feet,  or 
l.()i)3()  yards. 

After  the  table  of  geographical  positions  of  stations  conies  a  table  of 
points  on  county  lines,  which  have  been  carefully  determined. 

A  new  table  follows  containing  the  location  of  corners  of  lots  in  tlie  old 
rectangular  surveys.  These  old  lot  corners  are  the  reference  points  on 
\vhi<'h  land  titles  rest.  They  can  only  be  preserved  by  accurately  fixing 
their  position.     Every  ert'ort  will  therefore  be  made  to  add  to  this  table. 

The  next  table  is  also  new.  It  gives  a  list  of  the  elevations  of  fifty 
points,  determined  by  careful  trigonometrical  leveling  between  State 
Survey  stations,  the  chain  being  connected  with  the  canal  leveling  of 
1^7(5,  at  Clyde,  Salina,  Kirkville  and  Canastota.  The  results  of  tliese 
checks  indicate  that  the  uncertainties  of  the  elevations  given  are  not  so 
great  as  those  from  ordinary  leveling  o})erations  over  the  same  ground. 
The  initial  datum  jtlane  for  heights  is  considered  the  mean  level  of  the 
sea,  as  determinod  by  the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey  at  Governor's  Island,  New 
York.  Froui  the  Governor's  Island  tide  gauge  a  line  of  levels  has  been 
run  by  the  Coast  Survey  up  the  Hudson  to  Albany,  where  the  benches 
have  been  carefully  connected  witli  those  of  the  Erie  canal.  It  is  upon 
this  chain  that  the  elevations  given  in  the  table  depend. 

The  last  table  is  one  showing  the  approximate  variation  of  the 
magnetic  needle  from  true  north  at  thirty-four  points,  distributed  through 
nine  counties.  They  are  given  with  enough  jirecision  to  meet  the  re- 
(piirements  of  common  surveying 
information  contained  in  that  of  1 


The  table  has  more  than  double  the 
year. 

JAMES  T.  GARDNER, 


Director. 


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94 
NEW  YORK  STATE  SURVEY. 


[Senate, 


Elkvations,  of  tiik    Tors  of  thk  Nkw  York  Statk   Suhvky    monu- 

MKNTS,    AUOVK     MKAN     TIDK     AT     GoVKHNOHS     IsLANB,    NkVV    YoKK,    BY 
TKiaNO.MKTHICAL    LKVELIiN(J. 


ST  A' ION  XAMK 


^romiinoiit 

IlUIUllUl'. 


Towiisliip. 


Viinilorzee ' 

Van  Wie '. 

Mitchell ' 

NlI-KS 

Tanner  

ViCTOUY  

Allis ! 

Bulger I 

Canastota 

Cranson | 

FE.V.VliR i 

Carpenter 

Chestnut  Riilge 

Clapp 

CoUanier 

Cossitt   

Davison 

Draper  

Eagle 

Fahu's 

Fairniount 

Giles 

Gieen  

IldWI.KTT  IIii.i, 


Albany  County. 

Bolt.        ;  Betlik'heni 

i 
14G  Bethlehem 

Cayuga  County. 

Sennett ..  ., 


115 
107 
IIG 

U.  S.  L.  S. 


Niles . . 
Brutus 


Victory . .  . 
Madison  County. 

121  Lenox  


Lenox 
Lenox 
Lenox 


112 

143 

1-22 

13')  Feniier 

Onondaoa  County. 

1U5  OiioiulMgji  . , 

111  Salina 

IIJI  Ponipey  .  ,, . 

144  DeWitt.... 

119  Onondaga  . , 

128  VanBuven., 

100  Geddea 

1*23  Manliua  .  ... 

125  !  Fabins  ....  , 

103  Canullus.... 

114  Hkaneateles. 

124  ,  DeWitt  .... 

100  Marcellns... 
•  Top  ol'  boll. 


KloviUion  oC  nionii- 
luuniti  above  sea. 


1.58  feet.* 
28 

881 

1(323 

im 

6C8 

503 
833 

588 
1321 

18(J2 

1105 

498 
1280 

485 
1020 

631 

653 
1253 
2020 

73tJ 
1205 

974 
113G 


[Senate, 


IIRVKY     MONir- 

iw  York,  uy 


ovation  of  inniui- 
luuis  iil)o\c  sea. 


158  feet* 
28 

8Sl 

10-23 

75.') 

5G8 

503 

833 

58S 

13  Jl 

18()2 

1105 

4it8 
12S0 

485 
l()-20 

C31 

C53 
1253 
2020 

730 
1205 

974 

1130 


No.  37.] 


05 

Elevation — Continued. 


STATION  NAME. 


Iloxsie 

Kiiijjfisley  ... 
Kii'kville  ... 
Mann  Davis. 
Olympus  ... 
Ripley  Hill 

Seoley 

Sherwood . . . 
Sorrel  Hill.  . 


Eaton 

Prospect.  ... 

Rome 

Starr  Hill 
Tassel  .... 
Vienna 


Amuoy  

GlLBERTSVlLLE 


Grandview  .... 
Hallenbeck  . . . . 

Ryseilorph 

Teller 

Traver  

Van  Denliin'gh. 
Yellow  Pink  ., 


Miiiuiiiicnt 
iiuiiiIkh'. 


Towii.-iliip. 


134 
120 
120 
140 
lUl 
100 
137 
104 


Skaueatelea  . 
Vim  Hiiren  . 
Maiiliiis  . . . . 
Lysamler . .  , 
Syracuse  . . . 
Spafiord  . . . . 
Skaneatelos , 
Caniillus.  . ., 


110  I  Van  Uuren.  . 

Oneida  County. 

12lt  i  Stuckliriilire 


117 
142 
127 

29 


Kirkland 
Home  .  . . 
Steuben  . 
jMilrshal). 
Vienna  .. 


138 

Oswego  County. 
141  Ambuy 

108  Schroeppel   . 

Rensselaer  County. 
149 


151 

2 

148 

152 

Bolt. 


East  iTieenbusli  ..  .> 
Eiist  Gieenbush  . . .. 
Eiu^t  (ireenbush  .... 
East  Greenbnsh  .... 

Schodack  

Scliodack 

Schddack , 


Clyde , 


MiLO 


u.  s.  c.  s 

Wayne  County 

U.  S.  L.  S.   ,  Galen  ... 

Yates  County. 
118  i  iMilo   


Elcvntinii  (if  luonu- 
lauiits  iiiioNf  scit. 


1198 

537 

507 

535 

681 
1908 
1109 

■399 

641 

1318 
1384 

510 
1800 
1940 

568 

793 
521 

420 

638 

411 

407 

236 

204* 

400** 

633 


1343 


•Top  oi"  bolt. 


•  ♦  Top  of  uhilui-yrouiul  mark. 


i 


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m 


[Senate,  No.  37.] 


TABLE 

Sliowing  approximate  declination  of  magnetic  needle. 


STATION^. 


County. 


Ifelderberg Albany... 

Cass 

Clavksville " 

Froleigh " 

Knower.sville " 

^*iskflyllna " 

Slingerland " 

Winn 

Tanner Cayuga. . . 

iMlis  Maitison.. 

Bulger " 

Canastota " 

Cranson " 

Katon " 

Koine Oneida  . . . 


Vienna , 


Clain) <  )ni)n(Iaga 


CoUamer . 


Cossitt  . . 
Davison 
Eagfb  .. , 


Green    . 
IIuNsic  . 


Kirkville . 
Seelev .. . . 


Conovcr Sclicneclady 

Cliapman " 


Sears  . 


Van  Atten. 


>Iann  Schoharie 


8uniniitt 
Ilohnes  . 


Clyde Wayne. 


Milo 


Viites. 


Vienna . 


roniiu! 


Oe  Wilt . 


Onondaga. 


Van  Uuren 


Manlius  . 
De  Wilt. 
Marccllus 
Manlius  . 


Marcellus  . 
Ivspeiance 
Diiane-iliur; 


Glonv  ille  . 


Schoiiaric  . 


.Sununit 


Itifhmondville . 

Galen 

Milo 


Township. 

Vai 
tii>u 

III! 

neei 

a 
le. 

it, 

t 

I)uto. 

Wo 

• 

New  Scotland 

8 

45 

Scpteinljcr 

.1877 

11 

8 

4.5 

December, 

1877 

•< 

8 

4.1 

II 

II 

Watervliet 

9 

8 
9 

8 

30 

4r> 

4,5 
45 

II 
II 
II 
II 

It 

Guilderland 

II 

Wattrvliet 

II 

New  JJethlehem 

II 

Guilderland 

9 

00 

Xovenibcr 

1877 

Sennett 

4t) 

June, 

J  878 

T.enox 

;{!) 

Julv, 

187!) 

i« 

l(i 

24 

IG 
.5(i 

a 
It 

(1 

i< 

ft 

II 

If 

ti 

Stockbridge 

II 

Ilonic  

52 

<( 

II 

8    24 
7     12 


August, 


7  20     July, 

6  4t;  I  August, 

6  34 

7  17  ;     " 

6  59  '        " 

6  50  !        " 

i 

7  03     July, 

5  50     August, 


1878. 
1879. 
1878. 


1879. 
1878. 


!»  30     November,  1.S77. 

8  30  ;  "  " 

9  15  ]  "  " 
10  15  j            "  " 

9  00 

8  45 

9  00 

5  43     June,  1878. 

7  15  " 


[8ENA.TE,  No.  37.] 


mnpiielic  needle. 


-- 

Viniii 

!'• 

tiiiii  of 

IlKt 

nct'iUe. 

Date. 

West. 

I 

..           8    43 

Sep 

tembcr,  1)=77. 



8    i^ 

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.ember,  1877. 

8    45 

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7  0;t     July, 


1 

6 

i) 

8 
9 
10 
9 
8 
9 
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7 

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30 

30  : 

15 
15 
00 
45 
00 
43 
15 

August, 

1 

Novcmbei 

j 

f  ( 

1 

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«( 

II 

II 

e 

June, 

II 

1879. 

1878. 

, 1877. 


1878. 


9    30 

II 

8    45  j 

II 

II 

9    45 

II 

II 

8    45 

II 

II 

9    00 

November 

,  1877. 

3    4S» 

June, 

1878. 

7    30 

July, 

1871). 

7    Iti 

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7    '24 

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7    10 

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7    5-2 

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8    24 

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7    12 

!  August, 

1878. 

H 

7    20 

1  July, 

1879. 

B 

6   4r. 

i  August, 

1878. 

1 

6    34 

(1 

It 

H 

7    17 

II 

41 

B 

6    59 

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NEW  YORK     STATE    SURVEY 
JAMES  T.  GARDNER,  DIRECTOR. 


•12°1.'8' 


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TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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N.Y.  STATE  SURVEY 


JAMES   T.   CARDN  ER,  DIRECTOR 


Tin:    STA1E    OF 


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Sill-: F/r  No.  1 


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STATUTE  MILES 


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AUTHORITIES 
NY  STATE   SURVEY 
TiiHiiguliilion  In. IAS. T  GARDNKW    Dire,  tor 


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„    Hoiai'*«  Ajiiiri'W.x  .Ir  ,  Assmtuiit  | 

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1871) 


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>;()i'lhwetit('rii    l.uUes 


Note 

•|"lii-i  Mnji  i-."iiii-s(>iils  oiilv  llnis.-  ;u)iiii,Uiimi-.-  pi.nils  and  UiponiMjilural  li:iliii(w 
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1  (nations  (il  line.,  tiiwn-;  ami  tDiiotii-apliv  iiol  fouiiil  l.\-  llun  mi'-IIi.hI  an- 
iHinll..,!     hci  ans<'    ihcv    aii-   to,,    uiuoi-laiu    Ic.   li..   acciii-alclv    sIi.umi 


I'nniaiv  Inai  i-alal  i,.ii   stall-. us    arc  iinlKalcl    l.v   tnan;;lrs    willi    iuiiiiImm-   .,1     niMnmi.cMil 

^'■'' '■'";''■  ■""'    l'i-li'ii;\-    li-ian;^ulali..n     ^laliuiis   wiUi     imliiuiiicmI.-    aiv     iiniicatr.,!    bv  (  iiilcs    wiMi 

l..'<aWil    |.niiils    an. I    slalii.iis    uiUm.ui     im., an  in. 'ills   ar.-   i!i,li,  al.-l    l.v  cir.  Ics    willioiii     iniiiil).'i-s        - 


IUAS\   ..'.■   I'i:\  !  Hi'^^|■:,   V   s,)\s    .IT  I,    .M.U\NVN-i 


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